Floral morphology and cross-pollination in Erythronium grandiflorum (Liliaceae) - J. D. Thomson; D. A. Stratton (American Journal of Botany, 1985)
In bumblebee visits to flowers of Erythronium grandiflorum (Liliaceae), the ratio of self‐ to nonself‐ (“outcross”) pollen grains deposited on the stigma is positively correlated with the degree of stylar exsertion beyond the anthers. Natural populations show substantial, continuous variation in stylar exsertion.

Is predaceous stonefly behavior affected by competition? - B. L. Peckarsky; M. A. Penton (Ecology, 1985)
Behavioral experiments were carried out in flow-through observation boxes in New York and Colorado streams to determine whether interactions between pairs of predaceous stoneflies were characterized by exploitative or interference competition and to determine the effect of prey density on such interactions. The presence of a competitor generally reduced the number of attacks and the time that predaceous stoneflies spent eating mayflies (Baetidae). Coexisting perlids (Acroneuria carolinensis and Agnetina capitata) in the New York stream and perlodids (Megarcys signata and Kogotus modestus) in the Colorado stream had mutual negative effects on each other's foraging behavior despite significant size differences between species (first larger than second). A large omnivorous stonefly (Pteronarcella badia, Pteronarcydae) also suppressed the feeding behavior of Megarcys, but a reciprocal effect was not observed. Most competitive encounters resulted in submissive or evasive behavior by one or both stoneflies ultimately leading to avoidance of further contact. Some stoneflies, however, were occasionally aggressive, either toward conspecifics (Kogotus) or toward a smaller species of predator (Megarcys toward Kogotus). This behavior is consistent with the hypothesis that interference is a mechanism of competition among these stoneflies. The frequency of aggressive interactions increased for all stoneflies when prey density increased from 0 to 15 individuals per box but declined at 30 prey individuals per box. This observation suggests that the level of aggression is variable with availability of a food resource. As prey density increased, behavior associated with predator-prey interactions (attacks, feeding) increased for some stoneflies, and other activities (dispersal, cleaning, stationary behavior) decreased, generally increasing the pred- ator's probability of finding and consuming prey. Large species of stoneflies had shorter prey handling times than small species, and all stoneflies had very low rates of capture (successful captures 10-25% of total attacks). We postulate that direct interference competition from other stoneflies and predator- mediated dispersal of prey (unstable prey patches) reduce the benefit of aggregating in regions of high prey density.

Revised interpretation of the age of allochthonous rocks of the Uncompahgre Formation, Needle Mountains, Colorado - Barbara J. Tewksbury (Geological Society of America Bulletin, 1985)
Research Article| February 01, 1985 Revised interpretation of the age of allochthonous rocks of the Uncompahgre Formation, Needle Mountains, Colorado B. J. TEWKSBURY B. J. TEWKSBURY 1Department of Geology, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York 13323 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar GSA Bulletin (1985) 96 (2): 224–232. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1985)96<224:RIOTAO>2.0.CO;2 Article history first online: 01 Jun 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation B. J. TEWKSBURY; Revised interpretation of the age of allochthonous rocks of the Uncompahgre Formation, Needle Mountains, Colorado. GSA Bulletin 1985;; 96 (2): 224–232. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1985)96<224:RIOTAO>2.0.CO;2 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyGSA Bulletin Search Advanced Search Abstract The middle Proterozoic Uncompahgre Formation consists of a deformed and mildly metamorphosed sequence of interlayered quartzites and metapelites. Previous workers advanced the notion that the Uncompahgre Formation represents an isolated remnant of a sequence of supracrustal sediments deposited on deeply eroded crystalline basement sometime after 1680 Ma and deformed and metamorphosed before 1430 Ma. These conclusions followed from previous interpretations that the contact between Uncompahgre lithologies and adjacent metamorphic units is an unconformity truncating dikes ranging in age from 1640 to 1680 Ma. A considerable body of evidence suggests, however, that the Uncompahgre Formation is, in fact, allochthonous and that age interpretations must be revised.Significant displacements between Uncompahgre units and adjacent metamorphic sequences are suggested by an increase in accumulated strain toward the contact zone, coupled with a 3- to 25-m-thick zone of mylonites, protomylonites, and phyllonites in the contact zone itself. The geometry of the contact and the presence of faults of similar attitude within the Uncompahgre itself indicate an allochthonous sheet of Uncompahgre units emplaced along a sole thrust of variable dip, with imbricate internal north-dipping thrusts and a northern thrust contact of similar attitude. Folding within the Uncompahgre Formation was intimately involved with southward emplacement and shortening of the allochthon.Because the Uncompahgre Formation is allochthonous, time of deposition of the protolith cannot be bracketed by the ages of surrounding crystalline basement. Deformation in the Uncompahgre Formation must, however, postdate 1680 Ma and predate intrusion of the Eolus batholith at ∼1430 Ma. The Uncompahgre Formation may well be older than previously presumed and likely has equivalents in northern New Mexico. This content is PDF only. Please click on the PDF icon to access. First Page Preview Close Modal You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

Low levels of genetic variability in pikas from Colorado - D. K. Tolliver; M. E. Smith; P. E. Johns (Canadian Journal of Zoology, 1985)
Genetic variability at 27 loci was analyzed in four populations of pikas (Ochotona princeps) from Colorado. Estimates of mean heterozygosity [Formula: see text] ranged from 0.5 to 1.4%. These results are among the lowest estimates of [Formula: see text] reported for a mammal having a broad distribution, and are the lowest reported for a lagomorph. Data from this study and others estimate [Formula: see text] as 0.71% for pikas from Colorado. Founder effect, followed by drift occurring in small isolated populations during postglacial shifts in the range of the pika, is the most likely explanation for low estimates of genetic variability in pikas from Colorado.

Do predaceous stoneflies and siltation affect the structure of stream insect communities colonizing enclosures? - B. L. Peckarsky (Canadian Journal of Zoology, 1985)
Experiments in Colorado and New York streams assessed the effects of predaceous stoneflies on benthic invertebrate community establishment in enclosures providing uncolonized habitat. Aspects of prey community structure measured were density, species richness, relative species abundance, and body size. Unexpected inorganic sediment deposition allowed evaluation of direct effects on Colorado stream benthos and indirect effects on predation. Predaceous perlids and perlodids consistently reduced the density and, therefore, rate of prey community establishment in enclosures. Although New York perlids disproportionately reduced densities of some prey species, Colorado stoneflies caused nonsignificant declines in individual prey species densities, the composite effect of which was a significant whole-community response. Predators did not affect prey species richness nor change the taxonomic composition (species additions or deletions) of communities colonizing enclosures. However, the relative abundance of prey taxa differed significantly between cages with and without predators. Most species showed no size differences between individuals colonizing enclosures with predators and those colonizing control enclosures, with a few interesting exceptions. The deposition of silt eliminated the predator effects on prey density, as well as directly causing significant reductions in many Colorado benthic populations. This result demonstrates that abiotic disturbances can periodically override the effects of predation on stream insect communities colonizing enclosures.

An Artificial Key to the Aquatic Insects of Gunnison County, Colorado Streams above 2750 Elevation including chrironomid larvae from streams and ponds - B. L. Peckarsky; S. I. Dodson; D. J. Conklin (1985)

Invertebrate predator-prey interactions and stream community structure - S. Walde (1985)

Tolerance of Ambystoma tigrinum larvae to spring water from a mining area; or, "the canary in the mind - L. Zimmerman (1984)

Herbivore effect on stature, fruiting and leaf dynamics of a native crucifer - S. M. Louda (Ecology, 1984)
The impact of a native, leaf—feeding chrysomelid beetle (Phaedon sp. nr. oviformis) on bittercress (Cardamine cordifolia: Cruciferae), was evaluated in an exclusion experiment. Multivariate statistical analysis showed a significant increase in plant performance in the rotenone exclusion compared to performance in the paired control treatment. Plant response to the reduction of herbivory was a complicated, interrelated syndrome of changes. When insects were excluded, the amount of missing leaf area decreased significantly (3.6—fold; 3.2—0.9 cm2 per plant), and the total leaf area increased 5.7—fold (12.9—73.4 cm2 per plant). Plant height (5.7—20.3 cm) and fruit production (0.1—3.9 siliques per plant) also increased significantly when the number of insects was reduced. Furthermore, the 570% expansion in leaf area due to the exclusion of insects involved signficant increases both in the initiation of new leaves and in the survival of mature leaves. Nevertheless, insect herbivory at a level well below complete defoliation (25% of the leaf area) changed leaf demography (both phenology and dynamics) and reduced plant perfomance by decreasing the plant stature, leaf area, and fruit production of this native forb. Thus, further experimental assessment is necessary before generalizations can be made regarding the effects of herbivory on plant dynamics.

Influence of host plant height and distribution on herbivory patterns - J. McAndrews (1984)

Ponderosa pine dwarf mistletoe loss assessment survey on National Forest lands in Colorado - D. Johnson; Frank G. Hawksworth; Laura M. Merrill; United States. (1984)
During 1981-82, a roadside/plot survey was conducted on National Forest lands in Colorado to estimate annual merchantable cubic-foot volume loss caused by ponderosa pine dwarf mistletoe in ponderosa pine.This survey indicated that 18 percent of the type was infested.The total annual loss of ponderosa pine to dwarf mistletoe is estimated at 885,000 cubic feet.This loss is equivalent to 57 percent of the 1981 annual harvest of ponderosa pine for the Forests surveyed.

A Manual on Methods for Assessing Secondary Productivity in Freshwaters - B. L. Peckarsky (1984)

Plasma melatonin concentrations in hibernating marmots: absence of a plasma melatonin rhythm - G. L. Florant; M. L. Rivera; A. K. Lawrence; L. Tamarkind (American Journal of Physiology, 1984)
Plasma melatonin concentrations were measured throughout bouts of hibernation in marmots maintained in a short photoperiod (light-dark 8:16) and ambient temperature of 5 or 15 degrees C. Melatonin concentration was also measured in two animals maintained in constant darkness. As an animal entered hibernation, plasma melatonin concentrations dropped to basal levels when body temperature reached 25 degrees C, and they remained low until arousal. During deep hibernation plasma melatonin values did not vary significantly (P greater than 0.05) with respect to time of day or different ambient temperatures. With nocturnal arousal plasma melatonin levels were similar to euthermic night values. Lack of a plasma melatonin rhythm during hibernation suggests that the pineal gland is not temperature compensated during hibernation, and due to the low tissue temperature of the pineal the circadian pacemaker driving melatonin secretion is incapable of stimulating a rhythm.

Foraging patterns of yellow-bellied marmots: role of kinship and individual variability - B. A. Frase; Kenneth B. Armitage (Behavioral Ecology, 1984)

Colias alexandra: a model for the study of natural populations of butterflies - J. L. Hayes (Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera, 1984)

Oviposition Behavior of Hylemya(Delia)sp. (Diptera:Anthomyiidae): Suboptimal Host Plant Choice? - Marian A. Zimmerman; D. A. Cibula; B. Schulte (Environmental Entomology, 1984)

Larval Colorado Squawfish (Ptychochielus lucius Girard) in the Upper Colorado River Basin, Colorado, 1979-1981 - C. M. Haynes; T. A. Lytle; E. J. Wick; R. T. Muth (The Southwestern Naturalist, 1984)
C. M. Haynes, T. A. Lytle, E. J. Wick, R. T. Muth, Larval Colorado Squawfish (Ptychochielus lucius Girard) in the Upper Colorado River Basin, Colorado, 1979-1981, The Southwestern Naturalist, Vol. 29, No. 1 (Mar. 23, 1984), pp. 21-33

Plasma melatonin rhythms in euthermic marmots (Marmota flaviventris) - G. L. Florant; L. Tamarkind (Biology of Reproduction, 1984)

Gregariousness in chrysomelid beetle larvae - T. Morton; P. Valiulis; L. Zimmerman (1984)

Mechanistic constraints and optimality models: thermoregulatory strategies in Colias butterflies - J. G. Kingsolver; W. B. Watt (Ecology, 1984)
To explore mechanistic constraints on the evolution of optimal phenotypes, we develop an optimality model for thermoregulation in Colias butterflies. The model identifies the thermoregulatory characteristics of butterflies that maximize time available for flight activity subject to an overheating constraint, and was tested in three Colias populations along an elevational gradient. Model simulations and field results showed that environmental variation limits available flight time in higher elevation populations, even for optimally designed butterflies. Optimal predicted thermoregulatory characteristics were within two standard deviations of the observed characteristics in each population. Model simulations and field transplant experiments showed that large departures from optimality would have deleterious consequences for flight and overheating. This represents the first test of a strategy model for optimal thermoregulatory characteristics in animals. Our results illustrate how the constraints imposed by environmental variation and the mechanisms of adaptation affect the evolution of locally optimal phenotypes. We argue that, used in this mechanistic context, optimality modeling remains a powerful tool in studying adaptation.

Experimental studies of pollen carryover: effects of floral variability in Ipomopsis aggregata - Nickolas M. Waser; Mary V. Price (Oecologia, 1984)
It was found that the slopes of linear dye carryover functions generally became more shallow as floral variability increased; this led to substantially longer carryover in the treatment with greatest variability, and total amounts of dye transferred did not appear to be sensitive to the degree of variability.

The ant and the sunflower - David W. Inouye (Natural History, 1984)

The river continuum concept - J. Trevio; Class (1984)

Leave it to the beavers: a study of the effects of natural impoundments on macroinvertebrate community structure - M. M. Reed (1984)

The relationship between flowering phenology and seed set in an herbaceous perennial plant, Polymonium foliosissimum Gray - Marian A. Zimmerman; R. S. Gross (American Midland Naturalist, 1984)
To assess the potential for evolutionary change in blooming time within a population of Polemonium foliosissimum Gray (Polemoniaceae), flowering phenology, seed set and seed predation frequencies of individual plants were monitored from 1977-1981 in the Colorado Rocky Mountains. In only 1 of 4 years was there a significant correlation between flowering rank and average seed set per flower. In contrast, there was a significant (or nearly significant, p<.06) positive correlation between blooming time and total plant seed set in 3 of 4 years. These positive correlations resulted from greater flower production by later-blooming plants. Thus, total seed set varied independently of seed production on a per blossom basis, indicating that seed set per flower'should be used only with caution as a measure of the maternal component of plant fitness. The fairly consistent positive relationship between blooming time and totat seed set indicates that directional selection for later flowering may be occurring in P:folioszssimum. Seed predation by Hylemya sp. (Anthomyiidae, Diptera) increases selection pressure more often than it offsets it. Significant, positive between-year correlations of flowering ranks of individuals, along with other inferential evidence, suggest that flowering time is likely to be heritable in P. foliosissimum.

Spatial relationships and social organization in adult pikas: a facultatively monogamous mammal - A. T. Smith; B. L. Ivins (Zeitschrift fr Tierpsychologie, 1984)
Abstract and SummaryAdult spatial relationships and social organization in a marked population of alpine mammals, the pika (Ochotona princeps), were studied over a 3‐year period in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado. Home range size, distances between centers of activity of dyads, and weighted overlaps of home ranges of dyads were used to define space use patterns. Disappearance and establishment of individuals reflected the temporal component of space use. Relative frequencies of foraging (haying and feeding), surveillance, and communication (short calling, long calling, cheek rubbing) behaviors were recorded. Social relationships among adults were defined by agonistic interactions (aggression) and affiliative behaviors (social tolerance, vocal duets, copulations).Males and females occupied individual home ranges of equal size on talus, their obligate habitat type. Adjacent home ranges were normally occupied by pikas of the opposite sex. Replacement of home ranges was always by a member of the same sex as the previous occupant. A high degree of affiliative behavior was expressed between spatially contiguous heterosexual dyads. Aggression was greater among intrasexual than heterosexual dyads, and spatial overlaps among intrasexual conspecifics were less than among heterosexual conspecifics.Ecological constraints, such as the distribution of food (primarily located in meadows adjacent to the talus) and the short summer reproductive season (placing a premium on early appropriately timed litter;;) have apparently led to a facultatively monogamous mating system. Males can neither monopolize essential resources sufficiently to attract several females, nor defend groups of females as social repulsion among females further increases their dispersion.

Interactions of two species of the family Fringillidae, the Cassin's finch (Carpodacus cassinii) and the pine siskin (Spinus pinus) - J. Trevio (1984)

Seed set in Erythronium grandiflorum pollen color morphs - D. Sims (1984)

Fine structure of the mucocysts of Colacium calvum (Euglenophyceae) - R. L. Willey (Journal of Phycology, 1984)
ABSTRACTThe characteristic stalk of Colacium calvum Stein is formed from carbohydrate extruded by granules in the anterior portion of the cell. These granules exhibit the characteristics of mucocysts and their contents have two electron densities. A narrow extension of each granule extends past neighboring muciferous bodies to attachment sites in the posterior notch of the pellicle strip. The granule contains neutral polysaccharide which resembles that in the peripheral cisternae of the Golgi apparatus. The attachment site is structurally complex.

The Colorado River: River of Controversy - Robert Coats (Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 1984)

Infanticide in yellow-bellied marmots - Alison K. Brody; J. C. Melcher (Animal Behaviour, 1984)

Reconnaissance geology of the Mississippian Leadville limestone and implications for mineralization controls, Fulford mining district, Eagle County, Colorado - Billy D Richards (K-State Research Exchange (Kansas State University), 1984)
Deserving of much appreciation are Russell K. Murphy, who assisted in navigating the rugged field terrain, and the E. C. Lorig family of Eagle, Colorado, whose friendship, generosity, and guidance were extremely valuable

Hydrology analysis of the Colorado River floods of 1983 - WilliamB. Vandivere; Peter Vorster (GeoJournal, 1984)

The deep plunge: a test of the river continuum concept - J. McAndrews (1984)

The effect of plant density on departure decisions: testing the marginal value theorem using bumblebees and Delphinium nelsonii - D. A. Cibula; Marian A. Zimmerman (Oikos, 1984)
Bombus flavifrons utiliserait la densite de la plante butinee pour estimer le cout eventuel d'approvisionnement

The size composition of invertebrate drift in a Rocky Mountain stream - J. D. Allan (Oikos, 1984)
Drift collections from a Rocky Mountain stream were used to examine the hypothesis that, because risk of predation by fish is greatest for large individuals during the day, aquatic insects should become increasingly nocturnal in their drift periodicity as they grow in size. Seven taxa common in the drift were analyzed by one of two approaches. Where data were extensive, a nocturnal activity index was obtained by dividing night drift density by day drift density for a number of size classes. This index showed a significant positive association with size (mean dry wt) for the two mayflies tested, Baetis bicaudatus and Cinygmula sp. The largest size classes often were exclusively nocturnal in their drift activity. For less common taxa I simply compared the size composition during the night with that during the day for each date with sufficient data. In the mayfly Drunella coloradensis, the stonefly Zapada haysi and Chironomidae, large individuals were more frequent in night than day collections. In contrast, neither Prosimulium spp. nor the mayfly Epeorus longimanus showed any size difference between night and day collections. The rarity of large individuals in day drift may be due in part to their removal by fish before reaching drift nets. However, large individuals also were absent from day drift in a section of stream from which fish were excluded, strengthening the argument that the drift behavior of insects had evolved to minimize risk of predation. I suggest that foraging behavior of aquatic insects becomes increasingly restricted to nighttime as insects grow, because the risk of dislodgement associated with foraging translates into an unacceptable risk of predation for large individuals during the day.

Reproduction in Polymonium: a five year study of seed production and implications for competition for pollinator service - Marian A. Zimmerman (Oikos, 1984)
Conditions necessary for intraspecific competition for pollinator service, but not intraspecific competition itself, have previously been reported for a population of Polemonium foliossisimum Gray. As in most recent work of this sort, this conclusion was based, in part, on seed set differentials among individuals as well as between control and hand-pollinated flowers. Such differentials, when found for a single flowering season in perennial plants can, however, be misleading. Stored reserves might be drawn upon one season at the expense of the reproductive potential of later years negating an apparent reproductive increase. A five year study of seed set and flower production in a P. foliosissimum population indicates that no such reproductive tradeoff is occurring. Available information is consistent with the contention that intraspecific competition for pollinator service may have taken place and thus supports conclusions drawn from short term studies on P. foliosissimum.

Short-term learning and the searching accuracy of egg-laying butterflies - M. L. Stanton (Animal Behaviour, 1984)
Two interpretations are presented: (1) that partitioning searching time into discrete modes may enhance overaccuracy in invertebrates, as has been demonstrated previously for vertebrates and (2) that search dynamics of this type may explain some discrepancies between the predictions made by simple optimal diet models and the occurrence of ‘switching’ behaviours in foragers.

Post-breeding avifauna and mixed insectivorous flocks in a Colorado spruce-fir forest - J. L. Wagner (Western Birds, 1984)

Mt. Antero Mineral Locality, Chaffee County, Colorado: Past & Present - Mark Ivan Jacobson (Rocks & Minerals, 1984)
Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Additional informationNotes on contributorsMark Ivan JacobsonMark I. Jacobson, an oil exploration geophysicist, last wrote for ROCKS AND MINERALS on “A Lithium-Bearing Pegmatite in the Clear Creek District, Clear Creek County, Colorado” (November December 1982).

A test of the river continuum concept - M. M. Reed; S. Kaiser; D. Sims (1984)

The Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory - W. H. Emig; B. L. Peckarsky (Bulletin of the North American Benthological Society, 1984)

A Rocky Mountain Test of the River Continuum Concept - T. Morton (1984)

Some observations on spatial distribution in a montane population of Euphydryas editha - P. R. Ehrlich; D. R. Wheye (Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera, 1984)
Counts of montane Euphydryas editha along transects at Almont Summit, Colorado, show that males form a dense aggregation along a ridgetop with an estimated 30:1 (male:female) sex ratio. Fertilized females showed preference for subsites below the ridgetop at least as rich in oviposition plants but less rich in nectar resources, where the sex ratio was close to 1:1. Mark-release-recapture data suggest mating is less probable on the ridgetop than below it. This suggests the possibility that nonaggregating males, at least under conditions similar to those of 1983, may have greater reproductive success than those in aggregations, raising questions about the function of such aggregations.

Initial inventory of plant on 1977 Avery Peak debris flow - P. J. Lehr (1984)

Clumping in beetle eggs: are larger clumps better? - T. Morton (1984)

A test of the river continuum concept - D. Sims (1984)

An alpine test of the river continuum concept - S. Travers (1984)

Stream Ecology: Application and Testing of General Ecological Theory - B. L. Peckarsky (1984)

Evidence for the existence of a mutualistic relationship between Helianthella quinquenervis and ants - J. McAndrews; D. Sims; S. Travers; K. Brooks; J. Trevio (1984)

A test of the river continuum concept - M. M. Reed (1984)

Growth rate respnse to intraspecific and interspecific competition in two alpine annuals - S. Travers (1984)

A Proterozoic Volcano-Plutonic Terrane, Gunnison and Salida Areas, Colorado - M. E. Bickford; S. J. Boardman (The Journal of Geology, 1984)
Early Proterozoic supracrustal rocks near Gunnison and Salida, Colorado include tholeiitic basalt, dacite to rhyolite, and intercalated sedimentary rocks. These were intruded by essentially synchronous gabbroic sheets, folded, and intruded by major plutons ranging from quartz diorite to granite. Preservation of primary volcanic and sedimentary features is good to excellent; sedimentary rocks in the Gunnison area are mostly turbidite wackes whereas near Salida they are mostly near-source volcaniclastic rocks. U-Pb age measurements on zircons indicate that the earliest bimodal volcanic rocks erupted between 1770 and 1760 m.y. ago and were intruded by granitic plutons between 1760 and 1750 m.y. ago. Renewed bimodal volcanism occurred between 1740 and 1730 m.y. ago and was followed by a period of deformation producing two fold sets before 1725 m.y. ago when the first of a series of younger plutons was emplaced. The compositions and features of the sedimentary rocks and their association with volcanics are consistent with accumulation in an island arc or immature back-arc basin. However, the trace element chemistry of basalts and the lack of abundant andesite may be inconsistent with an arc setting and the bimodality of the volcanic suite suggests the presence of at least somewhat older continental crust. The age span of the volcanism indicates the terrane is coeval with the older volcanogenic terrane of the southwestern United States and suggests that an active volcanotectonic zone extended at least as far northeast as central Colorado.

Proximal Causes of Dispersal in Yellow-bellied Marmots - Alison K. Brody (1984)

Feeding choice experiments with Peromyscus maniculatus on 5 species of butterflies - P. Valiulis (1984)

Test of the river continuum concept - P. Valiulis (1984)

Phenology of glucosinolate concentrations in roots, stems and leaves of Cardamine cordifola - J. E. Rodman; S. M. Louda (Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 1984)

Organization of a plant-pollinator community in a seasonal environment - L. Anderson (1984)

Size, Function and Life History - W. A. Calder (1984)

Ecology of Aquatic Insects - B. L. Peckarsky (1984)

Hematology of Four Rare Colorado River Fishes - Charles R. Berry (Copeia, 1984)

Population structure and recommendations for conservation of the narrowly endemic alpine butterfly Boloria acrocnema (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) - L. F. Gall (Biological Conservation, 1984)
Mark-recapture data indicate that daily population sizes are low, most adults remain in residence at the colony only a few days, and there are age-specific sexual differences in movement, with older females perhaps leaving the colony site.

A study of the effects of parasitism on aphid populations - S. Kaiser (1984)

Alpine aberrations in the river continuum concept - L. Zimmerman (1984)

Biology of Ground-Dwelling Squirrels: Annual Cycles, Behavioral Ecology, and Sociality - Kenneth B. Armitage (1984)

Migration and population dynamics of hummingbirds - W. A. Calder (National Geographic Society Research Reports, 1984)

A survey of herbivorous insect species along a phylogenetic gradient - P. Valiulis; K. Brooks; D. Sims; J. McAndrews (1984)

A survey of insect herbivores on five species of willow (Salix) with regard to competition - C. Sturges; S. Kaiser; T. Morton; S. Travers; S. Reed; J. Trevio; N. Patel; L. Zimmerman (1984)

The optimal sugar concentraion for hummingbirds - dependence on energy intake rates - K. Brooks (1984)

Optimal clutch size in agromyzid fly larvae - S. Kaiser; N. Patel; S. Reed; C. Sturges (1984)

The Ecology of Aquatic Insects - J. D. Allan (1984)

The effects of capturing and marking on subsequent activity in Boloria acrocnema (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), with a comparison of different numerical models that estimate population size - L. F. Gall (Biological Conservation, 1984)

Pollen shortcomings - Nickolas M. Waser (Natural History, 1984)

The life history and ecology of Euphydryas gillettii Barnes (Nymphalidae) - E. H. Williams; C. E. Holdren; P. R. Ehrlich (Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, 1984)

Distribution of Corticolous Noncrustose Lichens on Trunks of Rocky Mountain Junipers in Boulder County, Colorado - Janet L. Peard (The Bryologist, 1983)
Nineteen species of noncrustose lichens were found on juniper bark. Of these, three species had relatively high cover and frequency values and were characterized as typical lichens of Rocky Mountain junipers: Xanthoria fallax, Phaeophyscia hirsuta and Physcia caesia. Total cover per tree was low (4%), and most species preferred the north and east sides of trunk bases. These distributional trends may reflect gradients of exposure to wind, insolation, and rate of bark exfo- liation. The trunk of a tree provides a wide spectrum of microhabitats for epiphytic vegetation. The physical and biotic factors that interact to create these environments have been dis- cussed in great detail by Barkman (1958). Horizontal and vertical gradients of light, water, and temperature depend upon direction of trunk exposure and height above ground. Bark hardness, texture, water-holding capacity, and acidity vary among tree species and within species according to age of the bark. In the Front Range area of Colorado, tree-host preferences and horizontal and vertical tree-trunk distributions of epiphytic lichens have been examined for riparian deciduous trees (Carmer 1975) and for Douglas fir and subalpine fir (Gough 1975), but not for Juniperus scopulorum Sarg., Rocky Mountain juniper, which is common in the open park-like stands of ponderosa pine found on south-facing slopes in the foothills. The objectives of this study were to identify the lichen species epiphytic on Rocky Mountain junipers and to measure their horizontal and vertical distributions on trunks.

The coevolution of Euphydryas chalcedona butterflies and their larval host plants. II. Maternal and host plant effects on larval growth, development, and food-use efficiency - K. H. Williams; D. E. Lincoln; P. R. Ehrlich (Oecologia, 1983)

Site-fidelity, longevity, and population dynamics of broadtailed hummingbirds: a ten-year study - W. A. Calder; Nickolas M. Waser; S. M. Hiebert; David W. Inouye; S. M. Miller (Oecologia, 1983)

Geology and mineral resource potential of the Black Ridge Canyon wilderness study area, Mesa County, Colorado : (GEM phase 2) / - Geological Survey (U.S.); Margo I. Toth (1983)
Rock samples from the WSA were also low in elements associated with mineralized systems.

Nectar reward and pollinator specificity - K. N. Jones (1983)

Plant reproduction and optimal foraging: experimental nectar manipulations in Delphinium nelsonii - Marian A. Zimmerman (Oikos, 1983)
Delphinium nelsonii Greene (Ranunculaceae) individuals which were watered produced significantly more nectar per flower than did control individuals. The watered plants also set significantly more seeds per flower than did the controls. Hand pollinations suggest that the seed set difference was due to the increased nectar volume rather than to watering directly. Bumblebee pollinators' responses to the increased standing crop of reward were consistent with predictions from optimal foraging theory and explain the increase in seed set. Pollinators both visited more flowers per inflorescence and spent more time in flowers on nectar-rich plants relative to controls. These results imply that D. nelsonii individuals could increase the female component (i.e. seed set) of plant fitness by increasing their nectar production rate. The results do not, however, allow an accurate assessment of the male component (i.e., pollen donation) of fitness.

Pollinator behaviour and natural selection for flower colour in Delphinium nelsonii - Nickolas M. Waser; Mary V. Price (Nature, 1983)
Evidence is presented that discrimination occurs because white flowers have inferior ‘nectar guides’ and therefore require longer handling times than blue flowers, and pollinators may experience lower net rates of energy intake on white flowers, a sufficient reason for undervisitation by optimally-foraging animals.

Thermoregulatory strategies in Colias butterflies: thermal stress and the limits to adaptation in temporally varying environments - J. G. Kingsolver; W. B. Watt (American Naturalist, 1983)
As a case study of adaptive strategies in temporally varying environments, thermoregulation in three populations of Colias butterflies along an elevation gradient in Colorado is studied in relation to the fluctuating meteorological environment. Emphasis is placed on short time scale (15-300 s) variation in air temperature and wind speed and its role in determining elevational patterns of body temperature, flight activity, and thermal stress due to overheating. A stochastic, linear filter model of an organism in a variable environment is used which views the adaptive process as the adjustment of the organism's filter. The relation-ship between this filter model and a transient energy balance model of the butterfly is examined to show how the thermoregulatory mechanisms of adaptation determine the filtering properties of the organism. Heat shocks at 45⚬ C significantly decrease survivorship and fecundity in Colias. Time series analysis indicates that short-term variation in wind speed and air temperature under sunny, midday conditions is significantly greater at higher elevation sites. Negative cross-correlations between wind speed and air temperature at certain time scales amplify the probability of overheating in Colias. Simulation and field results show that Colias from higher elevation populations are more sensitive, in terms of body temperature response, to a given level of wind speed variability, because of their higher wing solar absorptivities. As a result of these factors, variation in body temperature under sunny, midday conditions is significantly greater for butterflies in higher elevation Colias populations, regardless of behavioral thermoregulation. While mean body temperatures under these conditions are 2⚬ C-3⚬ C higher for low elevation than for high elevation Colias, the maximum body temperatures experienced in these populations are similar. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that microevolution of thermoregulatory characteristics in Colias is constrained by the need to avoid high body temperatures. The differences in mean body temperatures which follow from this constraint and the elevational differences in meteorological variation may be a major factor in the elevational patterns of daily flight activity time observed in previous studies. By documenting the biological importance of thermal stress and flight activity for Colias, we can develop optimality models for thermoregulatory strategy. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive demonstration of quantitative differences in environmental variability and their consequences for differences in adaptive characteristics among animal populations. Results are discussed in relation to strategies of insect thermoregulation, the structure of the micromete-orological environment, and general principles of adaptive design in variable environments.

Avian reproduction over an altitudinal gradient. II. Physical characteristics and water loss of eggs - C. Carey; S. D. Garber; E. L. Thompson; Francis, James (Physiological Zoology, 1983)
Although the effective diffusion coefficient for gases is inversely related to barometric pressure, rates of daily water loss during natural incubation and final water contents of pipped embryos are independent of altitude in eggs of redwinged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) breeding from sea level to 3,050 m. These results indicate that the increase in diffusion of water vapor from the egg has been offset in some manner in populations of this species breeding at high altitudes. Eggs of redwinged blackbirds and robins (Turdus migratorius) breeding from sea level to 3,050 and 3,450 m, respectively, were analyzed for eggshell conductance, egg mass, water content, shell thickness, and incubation temperature. Of these, eggshell conductance showed the only meaningful relation to barometric pressure and may serve to control rates of gaseous diffusion at high altitudes.

The timing of seed dispersal in Viola nuttallii: attraction of dispersers and avoidance of predators - C. L. Turnbull; D. C. Culver (Oecologia, 1983)
The hypothesis that a sychrony of the time of seed dispersal and the period when most ants (mutualists) and least rodents (predators) are active would be advantageous to the plant species is discussed.

Sources of intraspecific variation in the hostplant seeking behavior of Colias butterflies - M. L. Stanton; Robert B. Cook (Oecologia, 1983)
Females tended to specialize upon one or two species, at least in the short term, and the pattern of oligophagy for the population as a whole is partly generated by variation in the host-seeking behavior of individual females.

Sexual dimorphism in Valeriana edulis Nutt. (Valerianaceae) - G. Dieringer (1983)

Colonization in a pika population: dispersal vs. philopatry - A. T. Smith; B. L. Ivins (Behavioral Ecology, 1983)
Relative tendencies toward dispersal or philopatry in a marked population of alpine mammals, the pika (Ochotona princeps), were investigated over a 3-year period in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado to help understand their low intrapopulation genetic variability.

Thermoregulation and flight in Colias butterflies: elevational patterns and mechanistic limitations - J. G. Kingsolver (Ecology, 1983)
This study identifies the physical determinants of thermoregulation in Colias, develops and tests models that predict the patterns of body temperature and flight activity along an elevational gradient, and explores the relationship of the thermoreGulatory characteristics to these patterns among Colias populations.

An allometric approach to population cycles of mammals - W. A. Calder (Journal of Theoretical Biology, 1983)
The periodic cycles in populations of microtine rodents and hares are considered together to provide the suggestion that the natural period is endogenous and size-dependent, and may be a consequence of the physiological and reproductive pace of the life cycle that scales as the fourth root of body mass.

The Nest Chemistry of Two Seed-Dispersing Ant SPecies - A. J. Beattie; D. C. Culver (Oecologia, 1983)
It is suggested the relocation to Myrmica nests, rich in phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen, may result in greater survivorship of seedlings, and the hypothesis that relocation of ant-dispersed seeds into ant nests may be advantageous to the plant species involved is suggested.

Hematological values for free-ranging yellow-bellied marmots - Kenneth B. Armitage (Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 1983)
Hematological values of scuirids are adaptive to environmental factors such as hypoxia of burrows and high altitude, temperature and metabolic rate, and PCV of yellow-bellied marmots evidences an adaptive response to high altitude when compared to the closely-related woodchuck, M. monax.

Frequency and density of yellow violets - A. Head (1983)

Ecological patterns in glucosinolate content of a native mustard, Cardamine cordifolia, in the Rocky Mountains - S. M. Louda; J. E. Rodman (Journal of Chemical Ecology, 1983)

Resource assessment for Region 4, Colorado Plateau : Little Book Cliffs/Wildhorse area / - Wallaby Enterprises.; United States.; Wallaby Enterprises. (1983)
The WSA has low favorability for locatable minerals.

Adaptation at specific loci. II. Demographic and biochemical elements in the maintenance of the Colias PGI polymorphism - W. B. Watt (Genetics, 1983)
ABSTRACT Demographically oriented sampling in the wild and biochemical study of allozymes in the laboratory have been used to probe maintenance of the phosphoglucose isomerase polymorphism of Colias butterflies.—The several alleles at this locus show negative or no covariation among their frequencies in the wild. This rules out Wahlund effects as a cause of observations of heterozygote excess at this locus in broods that fly as single cohorts. Unusually heavy mortality among adults, due to drought stress or other causes, can preclude manifestation of differential survivorship among phosphoglucose isomerase genotypes. In broods composed of overlapping cohorts, heterozygote deficiency, apparently due to Wahlund effects in time as cohorts of different survivorship experience mix, can be found. Heterozygotes at this locus fly under a broader range of weather conditions than other genotypes.—Previously detected kinetic differentiation among the genotypes extends in greater magnitude to the glycolytic reaction direction, as well as to a broader range of test conditions than examined before. The heterozygote 3/4 is strikingly heterotic for several measures of kinetic functional effectiveness. Other heterozygotes are sometimes heterotic, more often intermediate (but not exactly so, nor additive in any sense) in properties between homozygotes.—Predictions are made from the biochemical analysis and from the insects' thermal ecology concerning distributions of the genotypes in the wild. Some agree with facts already established. Others are tested and confirmed from data already on hand. Still others are to be tested as reported in an accompanying paper.—All available evidence points to a combination of heterozygote advantage and fluctuating-environment selection as responsible for maintaining this polymorphism. There is considerable evidence for the operation of protein-structural constraint on the range of adaptations possible at this locus.

Handbook of Experimental Pollination Biology - Nickolas M. Waser (1983)

Vegetational diversity and succession of mine tailing slopes and natural earthflow areas: a comparison - C. Richard (1983)

Nectar production patterns in Ipomopsis aggregata (Polemoniaceae) - J. Pleasants (American Journal of Botany, 1983)
This study describes nectar production patterns for Ipomopsis aggregata and discusses their potential adaptive and ecological significance. It also examines the influence of environmental and other factors on nectar production rate (NPR) and nectar sugar concentration. For I. aggregata there were no NPR differences with flower age. An hypothesis for the presence or absence of such differences is discussed. Ipomopsis aggregata has a relatively constant rate of nectar production during the day and production continues overnight but at a reduced rate. Newly opened flowers already have a sizeable accumulation of nectar. 24‐hr nectar sugar production on overcast days was 62% of sunny day production. NPR values at the beginning of the flowering season were almost twice as great as those near the end but the sugar concentration did not change. Whether nectar was removed periodically (to simulate pollinator visits) or simply allowed to accumulate over 24 hr had no effect on total production. Nectar sugar concentration has a characteristic diurnal pattern: highest in the afternoon and lowest in the early morning, probably in response to diurnal changes in relative humidity. Sugar concentration was also lower on overcast days. These changes are not due to evaporative losses from the open end of the flower. However, evaporation did occur in flowers which had been punctured at the base of the corolla by nectar robbing bees. In general, the results of this study suggest caution in characterizing the NPR or sugar concentration of a species by making measurements at one point in time under one set of environmental conditions.

Roles of the wing whistle in the territorial behaviour of male broadtailed hummingbirds (Selasphorus platycercus) - S. M. Miller; David W. Inouye (Animal Behaviour, 1983)
Results of this study suggest that the wing whistle of male broad-tailed hummingbirds is important in maintenance of courting territories and hence in reproductive success.

The pollination ecology of Aquilegia micrantha (Ranunculaceae) in Colorado - R. B. Miller; C. L. Willard (Southwestern Naturalist, 1983)
Aquilegia micrantha occurs in canyons of the Southwestern United States. The pinkish-yellow flowers are nodding or semi-nodding, mildly scented, protandrous, and secrete a concentrated nectar (46% total sugars). Seed set in flowers under pollinator exclosures was 25% compared with 63% for open-pollinated flowers. The most common and effective pollinators of A. micrantha in the upper Crystal River Canyon were nectar-foraging bumblebee queens, Bombus appositus and B. flavifrons, although hummingbirds and hawkmoths also visited the flowers, and hummingbirds are important pollinators at other sites. The absence of nectar-foraging Bombus queens on the red flowers of A. elegantula in the area is probably the result of the narrower spur mouths of A. elegantula that prevent the bees from inserting their heads deeply enough into the flowers to extract the nectar. This mechanical isolaiton may be important in restricting hybridiza- tion between the two species in the narrow elevational range of sympatry. North American columbines may be divided into three groups on the basis of their floral color, morphology, and mode of pollination. Species in the Aquilegia vulgaris group generally have blue or purple flowers with short, hooked spurs and are presumably pollinated by bumblebees. Members of the A. canadensis group have nodding, red flowers with short, straight spurs and are pollinated primarily by hummingbirds. The erect, pale- colored flowers of the members of the A. caerulea group have longer, slightly curved spurs and are adapted for pollination by hawkmoths (Grant, 1952). Members of the latter two groups may also be visited by bumblebees (Miller, 1978, 1981). Aquilegia micrantha occurs in canyons in southern Utah, northern Ari- zona, and southwestern Colorado where it often forms hanging gardens on damp, rocky ledges and seepage slopes. In Colorado it has an elevational range of 1520-2440 m and blooms during May and June (Harrington, 1954). The nodding posture and relatively short spurs of the flowers of A. micran- tha are characteristic of the flowers of the A. canadensis group, while the pale floral color suggests affinities with members of the A. caerulea com- plex. There are no previous records of pollinator activity on flowers of A. micrantha. The observations reported here were undertaken to provide information regarding the pollination ecology of A. micrantha and to enhance our understanding of its relationships to other Aquilegia species in

Emergence patterns in male butterflies: a hypothesis and a test - Y. Iwasa; F. J. Odendaal; Dennis D. Murphy; P. R. Ehrlich; A. E. Launer (Theoretical Population Biology, 1983)
A game theoretical model is advanced to explain the emergence time schedule of male butterflies under temporal “apostatic” selection, so that males emerging on different days enjoy equal fitness in evolutionary equilibrium.

Sodium, potassium and chloride in floral nectars: energy-free contributions to refractive index and salt-balance - S. M. Hiebert; W. A. Calder (Ecology, 1983)

Floral formula inconstancy within and among plants and populations of Ipomopsis aggregata (Polemoniaceae) - N. C. Ellstrand (Botanical Gazette, 1983)
The numbers of flower parts are considered among the most constant angiosperm characters However, nearly 33% of the plants in 13 populations of Ipomopsis aggregata in Colorado had at least one anomalous flower, and almost 10% of the flowers displayed abnormal merism (abnormal floral formulas) Floral inconstancy varied significantly among populations The number of abnormal flowers per plant increased with the proportion of plants displaying abnormal merism at a given site Abnormal flowers were nonrandomly distributed; more plants had multiple anomalous flowers than expected by chance The gynoecium was the most variable flower part and varied independently of the other parts, which tended to vary in a coordinated fashion These observations are compared with other examples of abnormal merism in the Polemoniaceae

Resource assessment for Region 4, Colorado Plateau : Menefee Mountain - Weber Mountain area GRA 11 / - Wallaby Enterprises.; United States.; Wallaby Enterprises. (1983)
The BLM has adopted a two-phase procedure for the integration of geological, energy and minerals (GEM) resources data for suitable/nonsuitable decisions for wilderness study areas (WSA's).

Nectar feeding, diuresis, and electrolyte replacement of hummingbirds - W. A. Calder; S. M. Hiebert (Physiological Zoology, 1983)
Hummingbirds depend on floral nectars for energy. This entails a significant water excess which is eliminated in chronic diuresis. In the eight species from which we obtained urine samples, solutes were conserved by reducing urine osmotic concentrations to approximately one-fifth of plasma levels. Sodium and potassium salts accounted for one-half to one-third of the osmotic concentration of urine. These salts can be replaced mostly from trace amounts in the floral nectars. Data from field, laboratory, and the literature are combined to account for salt and water exchanges of broad-tailed and rufous hummingbirds. Published accounts of avian renal morphology and physiology are consistent with hummingbird urinalysis.

Ecological scaling: mammals and birds - W. A. Calder (Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 1983)
The effort necessary to measure the differences in lifetime reproductive success in nature has already been described convincingly (20). All impregnations, births, and deaths that occur throughout the entire turnover of a wild population must be recorded. This process is both necessary and fascinating, but it is slow. The individual recognition and continuous surveillance necessary to accom plish this task are difficult, if not impossible, to attain with small animals; they require extremely long projects for large, conspicuous, and long-lived ones. In the interim, as our species is rivet-popping on Spaceship earth (27), we need to have a general pattern that we can use for comparative and predictive purposes (25). Has each life history evolved uniquely with random details that must all be described de novo, or is there a ground plan with design constants for an entire class or other major taxon (32, 60)? Body size is the predominant influence on an animal's requirements and opportunities for resource exploitation, thus providing a simple and powerful basis for revealing major patterns in life histories and population structure. The size-dependence of some variable (Y) has been expressed routinely as an exponential function of body mass (M. in kg) in the allometric equation:

Hadrosaur Locomotion and Herding Behavior: Evidence from Footprints in The Mesaverde Formation, Grand Mesa Coal Field, Colorado - Martin G. Lockley; Bennett H. Young; Kenneth Carpenter (Mountain Geologist, 1983)
Dinosaur footprint casts from a Mesaverde (Campanian) coal mine near Gunnison, Colorado resemble those of the notorious "mystery dinosaur, Xosaurus" which was probably a giant hadrosaur. Existing footprint descriptions, although obscure and hard to verify, are too important to overlook, particularity since debate over hadrosaur speeds currently focuses only on a single, apparently ambiguous trackway. Hindlimb/foot ratios and stride-length estimates based on comparisons with other animals should be modified using actual measurements of hadrosaurs. Mesaverde trackway data indicates that hadrosaurs were usually slow moving, although this does not imply that they were incapable of running. The frequency and preferred orientation of their prints suggests high relative abundance and gregarious group activity (herding), which was probably an effective defense strategy. Footprints of a carnosaur are also associated with those of the hadrosaurs.

Test Excavations at Site 41CD56 Colorado County, Texas - Glenn T. Goode (Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State, 1983)
Site 41CD56 is an aboriginal site located on Crier Creek in northwestern Colorado County, Texas. Testing in October, 1983, revealed that moderate amounts of thermally altered chert/quartzite and lithic debitage were contained in sandy deposits varying from 20 to 110 cm in depth. Two burned rock accumulations, possibly disturbed hearths, were discovered; but no diagnostic tools or indicators of cultural affiliation were found.

Review: A River No More: The Colorado River and the West, by Philip L. Fradkin - Abraham Hoffman (Pacific Historical Review, 1983)

Intraspecific competition in Androsace septentrionalis - B. Eiseman; K. N. Jones; A. Daggett (1983)

Handbook of Experimental Pollination Biology - Nickolas M. Waser; Mary V. Price (1983)

Bumblebee foraging patterns on Frasera speciosa inflorescences or, a monumental approach to Gothic queens - A. Head (1983)

Distribution of Mertensia fusiformis - C. Jones (1983)

Plant colonization of talus islands - K. N. Jones (1983)

The ecology and evolution of symbioses between lycaenid butterflies and ants - N. E. Pierce (1983)

Ant nest site choice - A. Daggett (1983)

Ecological significance of flight activity in Colias butterflies: implication for reproductive strategy and population structure - J. G. Kingsolver (Ecology, 1983)
The observed differences in catchability between sexes is also correlated with the sexual differences in flight behavior reported here, and the time spent in flight, short life expectancies, and time budgets of Colias suggest that the time available for flight activity during an individual's lifetime may be limited.

Flowering plant density and pollinator visitation in Senecio - J. Schmitt (Oecologia, 1983)
In Senecio, flowering phenology patterns and differences among pollinators in foraging behavior may have more important consequences for seed set and gene flow patterns than plant density or plant size.

Reproductive tactics of pikas: why have two litters? - A. T. Smith; B. L. Ivins (Canadian Journal of Zoology, 1983)
Reproduction in a population of marked pikas (Ochotonaprinceps) was observed over a 3-year period in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado. Pikas were seasonally polyestrous; all adult females initiated two litters each summer. However, most females (24 of 25) weaned only a single litter. The number of successfully weaned litters and offspring was divided evenly between first and second breeding attempts. Previous studies had noted that less than 10% of juveniles emerged from second litters. Apparently females are capable of weaning second litters, but only if first litters are lost. Loss of first litters may result from nest predation or poor maternal condition caused by extreme winters. Reproductive constraints acting on pikas and their evolved reproductive tactics are compared with those of other alpine or boreal long-lived herbivorous small mammals.

Adaptation at specific loci. III. Field behavior and survivorship differences among Colias PGI genotypes are predictable from in vitro biochemistry - W. B. Watt; R. C. Casin; M. S. Swan (Genetics, 1983)

Study of population structures in Rocky Mountain butterflies - M. Duff; C. Jones; A. Daggett; J. D. Gerut; C. Jones; B. Eiseman; A. Head (1983)

The "white male" variant of Colias (Pieridae): two new records from Colorado - L. F. Gall (Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, 1983)

The responses of lake waters to organic matter additions. - J. Harte; D. Levy (Hydrobiologia, 1983)

Dynamics of Lotic Systems - J. D. Allan (1983)

Handbook of Experimental Pollination Biology - J. Pleasants; Mary V. Price; Nickolas M. Waser; Nickolas M. Waser (1983)

A comparison of the effects of predispersal seed predation on seed set of three Rocky Mountain plant species in the sun and shade - S. Wetmore (1983)

Effects of ant mounds on soil chemistry and vegetation patterns in a montane Colorado meadow - D. C. Culver; A. J. Beattie (Ecology, 1983)

Responses of pikas (Ochotona princeps, Lagomorpha) to naturally occurring terrestrial predators - B. L. Ivins; A. T. Smith (Behavioral Ecology, 1983)
Weasels were determined to be more effective predators of pikas than martens, and these asymmetries in behavior and alarm vocalizations may indicate that responses reduce an individual's risk of predaton by weasels.

The distribution of standing crop of nectar: what does it really tell us? - J. Pleasants; Marian A. Zimmerman (Oecologia, 1983)
Brink (1982) characterizes the distribution of standing crop of nectar for Delphinium nelsonii as bonanzablank, based on comparison with a Poisson, but this work disagrees with the use of the Poisson and the resulting conclusions.

Calculating nectar production rates: residual nectar and optimal foraging - Marian A. Zimmerman (Oecologia, 1983)
The fact that residual nectar exists is consistent with predictions of optimal foraging theory but more detailed work is necessary before it can be concluded that the volumes left behind in A. columbianum flowers are optimal.

Nectar dispersion and bumblebee foraging in Delphinium nelsonii - A. Daggett; M. Duff; B. Eiseman; J. D. Gerut; A. Head; C. Jones; C. Jones (1983)

A comparison of stream productivity - M. Duff (1983)

Dandelion build-up around buildings in Gothic - J. D. Gerut (1983)

Vegetational diversity and succession of mine tailing slopes and natural earthflow areas: a comparison - C. Richard; J. Hickman (1983)

The dispersion of nectar resources as a result of bumblebee foraging - K. N. Jones (1983)

Spatial and Behavioral Foraging Patterns and Diet Selectivity in the Social Yellow-Bellied Marmot - B. A. Frase (1983)

Pollination Biology - Nickolas M. Waser (1983)

Stream Ecology - J. D. Allan (1983)

Dynamics of Lotic Ecosystems - B. L. Peckarsky (1983)

Handbook of experimental pollination biology - J. D. Thomson (1983)

Water Quality of the Upper East River and Copper Creek, Gunnison County, Colorado - B. L. Peckarsky (1983)

A laboratory study of the foraging behavior of Peromyscus maniculatus - A. Daggett; J. D. Gerut (1983)

Study of population structures in Rocky Mountain butterflies - M. Duff; C. Jones; A. Dagget; J. D. Gerut; C. Jones; B. Eiseman; A. Head (1983)

Interspecific competition in Rocky Mountain meadow flora - A. Head; M. Duff; J. D. Gerut (1983)

A biogeophysical study of the plant-soil interface in varied habitats - I. R. Hoeppner (1983)

Petrogenesis of the A.O. Porphyry Copper Complex in Jackson and Grand Counties, Northwestern Colorado - M. H. Karimpour; W. W. Jr. Atkinson (Global Tectonics and Metallogeny, 1983)

The occurrence of annuals and perennials in a subalpine system - Marcy L. McCall (1983)

Porosity Dependence of Deformation Bands In The Entrada Sandstone, La Plata County, Colorado - Gary A. Smith (Mountain Geologist, 1983)
Close examination of zones of deformation bands in the Entrada Sandstone (Middle Jurassic) near Durango, Colorado suggests that the width of these vertical zones and the displacement across them is directly related to the porosity of the sandstone. Low porosity sandstone is less susceptible to fracturing than high porosity sandstone because greater energy is required to propagate cracks through quartz grains and calcite cement than through pore space. This observation is considered a field confirmation of the experimental work by Dunn et al. (1973)

Testing the river continuum concept - A. Head; B. Eiseman; C. Jones; A. Daggett; J. D. Gerut; M. Driff; C. Jones (1983)

Problems in the use of genetic similarity to show relatedness - O. A. Schwartz; Kenneth B. Armitage (Evolution, 1983)

Seed Dispersal by Ants in the Rocky Mountains - C. L. Turnbull; A. J. Beattie; F. M. Hanzawa (Southwestern Naturalist, 1983)
-Field tests quantifying the behavioral responses of ants to the seeds of twenty Rocky Mountain species were conducted in Gunnison County, Colorado. The results indicate that Claytonia lanceolata Pursh, Corydalis aurea Willd., C. caseana A. Gray., Delphinium nelsoni Greene, and Viola nuttallii Pursh are myrmecochores. The seeds of these species all bear a conspicuous elaiosome and are selectively removed by three species of ants, Formica podzolica Francoeur, Formica canadensis Francoeur, and Myrmica discontinua Weber. These are the first records of ant dispersal from the Rocky Mountains. Comparatively little is known about the ant dispersed (myrmecochorous) plant species of the western United States. Scattered reports suggest that they may be common in some areas, particularly the arid south-west (Berg, 1966; Bullock, 1974; O'Dowd and Hay, 1980; Nesom, 1981) and the moist north-west (Nordhagen, 1959; Berg, 1972). Almost nothing is known about ant dispersal in the Rocky Mountains. Sernander (1906) reported that between 6% and 13% of herbaceous species at high altitudes in Sweden, the French Alps and the north Tyrol were ant dispersed, and speculated that a similar proportion of species might be ant-dispersed in other mountainous regions of the world. Preliminary field experiments with the seeds of Viola nuttallii Pursh strongly suggested that this species is myrmecochorous. This paper reports new information on seed disperal by ants of this and other species. MATERIALS AND METHODS.-The two study sites were located in Gunnison County, in west-central Colorado. One was at an altitude of approximately 3,024m, near the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory at Gothic. This is a dry, rocky, subalpine meadow. Areas of little ground cover were mixed with areas of dense vegetation dominated by grasses and false hellebore (Veratrum californicum Durand). There were also small stands of willow (Salix, sp.) and aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.). The other site was on a steep roadcut near Crested Butte, at an altitude of 2,719m. Vegetation on this site was very sparse and dominated by Corydalis aurea, weeds, and a few grasses. The method for evaluating myrmecochory in a species is detailed in Beattie and Culver (1981) and utilizes both morphological and behavioral criteria. Since ants carry many kinds of objects back to their nests, we looked for morphological adaptations of the seeds which indicate myrmecochory, and specific behavioral responses on the part of the ants. Behavioral responses of undisturbed ant foragers were quantified by the use of bioassays of fresh seeds, in the habitat where the plants were growing. Clumps of five seeds were placed at random in the habitat and observed for periods of up to one hour. Each bioassay was replicated as many times as the supply of fresh material would allow. The responses of ants were classified as follows: ignore-the ant passed close enough to the seed to detect it but exhibited no response at all; antennate-the ant examined the seed with its antennae; pick-up-the ant iesponded by rolling the seed and attempting to pick it up, but the response was not sufficiently intense for the ant to carry it away; remove-the ant removed the seed at least 10 cm. In most cases, an ant which removed a seed 10 cm actually continued to carry it back to the nest. RESULTS.-We bioassayed the seeds of twenty species belonging to fifteen families (Table 1). There was no interaction between ants and the seeds of This content downloaded from 207.46.13.180 on Thu, 08 Sep 2016 06:26:21 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms The Southwestern Naturalist TABLE 1.-Species bioassayed (species marked by an asterisk were ignored in all bioassays). Boraginaceae Mertensia fusiformis Greene Compositae Agoseris aurantiaca (Hook). Greene* Senecio interregemus Nutt.* Taraxacum officinale Wiggars* Cyperaceae Carex egglestonii Mack.* Fumariaceae Corydalis aurea Willd. C. caseana A. Gray Graminae Melica spectabilis Scribn.* Poa interior Rydb.* Hydrophyllaceae Hydrophyllum capitatum Dougl. ex Benth.* Liliaceae Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh Onagraceae Epilobium minutum Lindl. ex Hook.* Polemoniaceae Collomia linearis Nutt.*

Density effects in the plant-animal interactions of Potentilla gracilis douglas (Roseaceae) - S. G. Vail (1983)

Resource assessment for Region 4, Colorado Plateau : McKenna Peak area GRA 9 / - Wallaby Enterprises.; United States.; Wallaby Enterprises. (1983)
The BLM has adopted a two-phase procedure for the integration of geological, energy and minerals (GEM) resources data for suitable/nonsuitable decisions for wilderness study areas (WSA's).

Resource assessment for Region 4, Colorado Plateau : West Cold Springs - Diamond Breaks area GRA 1 / - Wallaby Enterprises.; United States.; Wallaby Enterprises. (1983)

Resource assessment for Region 4, Colorado Plateau : Dominguez Canyon/Adobe Badlands/Camel Back area GRA 6 / - Wallaby Enterprises.; United States.; Wallaby Enterprises. (1983)
The BLM has adopted a two-phase procedure for the integration of geological, energy and minerals (GEM) resources data for suitable/nonsuitable decisions for wilderness study areas (WSA's).

Concentration of glucosinolates in relation to habitat and insect herbivory for the native crucifer Cardamine cordifolia - S. M. Louda; J. E. Rodman (Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 1983)
It is suggested that the insect herbivore guild on Cardamine cordifolia responds to concentration and composition of glucosinolates and exerts its greatest pressure on plants with lower concentrations.

The ecological implications of size differences in two herbivorous mammals - D. Singleton (1982)

How grazing affects the height and diversity of vegetation in a sub-alpine meadow - J. Lattman (1982)

Some energetic aspects of behavior in a montane hummingbird nesting habitat - W. A. Calder; S. M. Hiebert (National Geographic Society Research Reports, 1982)

Measurements of low levels of molybdenum in the environment using aquatic insects - T. Colburn (Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 1982)

Population and habitat studies of two endemic plants in the Gunnison River Basin, Colorado - W. F. Grey (Journal of the Colorado-Wyoming Academy of Sciences, 1982)

Optimal foraging: random movement by pollen collecting bumblebees - Marian A. Zimmerman (Oecologia, 1982)
The data indicate that bumblebees exhibit great plasticity in foraging behavior and that they are able to forage efficiently under a wide range of environmental conditions.

CRC Handbook of Census Methods for Terrestrial Vertebrates - Kenneth B. Armitage (1982)

Polymorphism for pollen color of Erythronium grandiflorum - C. Crompton (1982)

Directional foraging in hummingbirds - R. Rusler (1982)

Genetic variation within and between populations of an alpine grasshopper, Aeropedellus clavatus - K. J. Hamrick (1982)

Overlap summary indices and the detection of community structure - J. D. Thomson; K. Rusterholz (Ecology, 1982)
Overlaps in resource use have been used to summarize community structure. It is ofen desirable to compare the amount of intensity of overlaps (or other pairwise measures such as competition coefficients) in different communities, especially in the context of comparing actual communities to "neutral model" simulations. We show that the most commonly used index for such comparisons, the mean pairwise overlap, is often unsuitable, and suggest alternate approaches.

Optimal foraging: a test in bumblebees - D. Singleton (1982)

The synonomy of Colacium calvum Stein and Colacium physeter Fott (Euglenophyceae) - R. L. Willey (Phycologia, 1982)

Resource partitioning in bats - R. Justin (1982)

Birds of the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory and Vicinity - W. A. Calder (1982)

A comparison of pollen and fluourescent dye carryover by natural pollinators of Ipomopsis aggregata - Nickolas M. Waser; Mary V. Price (Ecology, 1982)

Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Assessment: Fifth Conference - T. Colburn (1982)

Growth and Growth Control Effects on Air Quality in Boulder County, Colorado - David Greenland (Journal of Environmental Systems, 1982)

Facultative deposition of an oviposition-deterring pheromone by Hylemya - Marian A. Zimmerman (Environmental Entomology, 1982)

Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Assessment - T. Colborn (1982)

Interactions of rufous hummingbirds (Selasphorus rufus) and broad-tailed hummingbirds (Selasphorus platycercus) - S. Olson (1982)

Effects of size divergence on competition between Rocky Mountain ant species - D. Singleton (1982)

Experimental studies of pollen carryover: hummingbirds and Ipomopsis aggregata - Mary V. Price; Nickolas M. Waser (Oecologia, 1982)
It is concluded that presence of pollen on recipient flowers significantly reduces the average number of subsequent flowers reached by donor pollen.

Patterns of visitation by animal pollinators - J. D. Thomson (Oikos, 1982)
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Flower constancy in bees: yes or no? - T. Symons (1982)

Constancy of bumblebees - A. Bertozzi (1982)

Artificial Substrates - J. Cairns (1982)

Bottom sediment chemistry and water quality near Mount Emmons, Colorado - T. D. Steele; T. H. Coughlin (Proceedings of the Exeter Symposium, 1982)

Exploration and geology of the Mt. Emmons molybdenite deposits, Gunnison County, Colorado - Judith Thomas; John T. Galey (Economic Geology, 1982)
During the period 1970 to 1976, three stockwork molybdenite deposits were discovered beneath Mt. Emmons, a prominent peak of the Elk Mountains in the central portion of the Colorado mineral belt. Two of the deposits are below Redwell Basin on the northwestern side of the mountain and the third, and richest, deposit is under Red Lady Basin on the southeast side of Mt. Emmons.The uppermost molybdenite deposit in Redwell Basin is at a depth of about 2,400 ft, where it is associated with a small cupola of rhyolite porphyry. The cupola is expressed at the surface by a composite breccia pipe which appears to have been fed through a zone of crackled hornfels lying between the base of the pipe and the apex of the cupola. Rhyolite porphyry in the cupola grades downward into granite porphyry of the Redwell stock. The lower molybdenite deposit is about 1,000 ft below the west-dipping contact of the stock.The molybdenite deposit under Red Lady Basin is a contact-related stockwork draped over the granite porphyry Red Lady stock, whose apex is about 1,400 ft beneath the surface. This deposit, referred to as the Mt. Emmons deposit, contains about 155 million short tons of altered hornfels and porphyry with an average grade of 0.44 percent MoS 2 Both the Redwell and Red Lady stocks are compositionally granites; both have the same range of porphyritic textures and have K-Ar ages that group between 16 and 18 m.y. Because of the above similarities, the stocks are thought to have risen out of a common igneous source.Intruded rocks include carbonaceous shale and sandstone beds of Cretaceous age which have been metamorphosed along the contacts of the stocks to a pyrite-pyrrhotite-bearing hornfels. The hornfels zone surrounding the two stocks includes an innermost 1,000-ft-thick facies of brown hornfels which grades outward to a 500-ft-thick facies of black hornfels.Pyrrhotite, which is a characteristic mineral of the contact metamorphic halos surrounding the two stocks, is depleted in the phyllic zones above the Mt. Emmons and upper Redwell deposits.Hydrothermal effects observed in the rocks above the Redwell cupola include, from the periphery inward, mineral assemblages characteristic of propylitic, phyllic, and possibly potassic alteration. The Red Lady stock, 3,000 ft to the southeast, also represents a center of hydrothermal activity which includes an outer zone of propylitically altered rocks that grade inward through phyllically altered rocks (pervasive quartz-sericite-pyrite) to a small zone of K-feldspathized rock in the apex of the stock. The K-feldspathized zone is veined and pervasively flooded by quartz, magnetite, and biotite.Widely spaced veins and veinlets in the prophylitic zones surrounding the Redwell and Red Lady stocks contain various proportions of quartz, pyrite, pyrrhotite, epidote, chlorite, calcite, and base metals. These veinlets are transitional into, or are later than, the more closely spaced veinlets of the phyllic zones which are typically filled with quartz, pyrite, sericite, and fluorite. As the distance to the Redwell cupola and Red Lady stock decreases, phyllic zone veinlets become depleted in pyrite and increasingly enriched in molybdenite, fluorite, orthoclase, and huebnerite.Several of the faults mapped on Mt. Emmons are mineralized with base metals, and a few contain rhyolite or intrusive breccia, but none are filled with molybdenite or porphyritic phases of the underlying stocks. These observations imply that the faults originated after emplacement of the stocks and before or contemporaneous with the period of base metal mineralization.An intrusive breccia dike in Red Lady Basin and an intrusive breccia phase of the pipe in Redwell Basin contain at the surface sparse fragments of molybdenite-mineralized rhyolite porphyry carried 1,500 to 2,700 ft upward from underlying deposits. The intrusive breccias are clearly later than the periods of emplacement of the granite porphyry stocks and associated molybdenite mineralization and provide the only direct evidence at the surface of porphyry-molybdenite mineralization at Mt. Emmons.

And the seasons they go round and round, and the Oenieus population goes up and down - J. Abel; M. Zieman (1982)

Population and habitit analyses of two endemic Colorado plants under the guidelines of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 - W. F. Grey (1982)

Yes, but is it art? (or, ectoparasites of small mammals) - Steven J. Taylor (1982)

Thermoregulation and the determinants of heat transfer in Colias butterflies - J. G. Kingsolver; R. J. Moffat (Oecologia, 1982)
The success of the butterfly simulator in mimicking Colias thermal characteristics confirms the preliminary understanding of the physical bases for and heat transfer mechanisms underlying thermoregulatory adaptations in these butterflies.

The role of field stations in the preservation of biological diversity - Peter F. Brussard (BioScience, 1982)
Journal Article The Role of Field Stations in the Preservation of Biological Diversity Get access Peter F. Brussard Peter F. Brussard Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar BioScience, Volume 32, Issue 5, May 1982, Pages 327–330, https://doi.org/10.2307/1308849 Published: 01 May 1982 Article history Accepted: 23 February 1982 Published: 01 May 1982

Hydrothermal alteration and oil show at the Summer Coon intrusive center, Saguache County, Colorado - Trygve Loken (Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation, 1982)
The effects of a static external electric field on the ground state electronic structure of a porphine-quinone (PQ) complex have been studied by using density functional theory (DFT). The energies of the excited states have been calculated with time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) and with the approximate coupled cluster singles and doubles (CC2) method. The geometries of porphine and quinone have been optimized with B3LYP. The influence of the external electric field on the PQ complex has been studied at six different intermolecular distances between 2.5 and 5.0 Å with the BH&HLYP functional. An external electric field clearly affects the orbitals localized mostly on quinone but not the orbitals localized on porphine. Additionally, the effect of the external field increases with the increasing intermolecular distance. The optical absorption spectrum of porphine obtained by using the BH&HLYP functional is consistent with the Gouterman model and with the spectrum previously calculated with CAM-B3LYP. The potential energy curves of the Q and B states and the lowest charge transfer (CT) states of the PQ complex calculated by using the BH&HLYP with TDDFT functional have also been compared with those obtained with the CC2 method. Both methods show that the lowest CT state is clearly above the Q states when no external field is applied. Therefore, when the Q states of a porphine-quinone system are excited, the conical intersection is not possible and cannot thus provide a path for electron transfer (ET). The calculations show that the Q and B states are affected by the field much less than the lowest CT state. Consequently, the calculations show that the CT state crosses the Q and B states at certain field strengths. Thus, it is possible that the external electric field triggers ET in porphine-quinone systems via conical intersection.

Avian reproduction over an altitudinal gradient: incubation period, hatchling mass, and embryonic oxygen consumption - C. Carey; E. L. Thompson; C. M. Vleck; Francis, James (Auk, 1982)

The organic geochemistry and water-rock system across a contact metamorphic profile in the Mancos shale near Crested Butte, Colorado - John Lee Cuddihee (Rice University's digital scholarship archive (Rice University), 1982)
A Mid-Tertiary igneous intrusion into the Upper Cretaceous Mancos Shale provides an excellent natural laboratory to study the thermal effects of an intrusion on the organic geochemistry and water-rock system across a contact metamorphic profile. The intrusion, is believed to have established a high temperature gradient across a two mile long sampling profile. This study investigated the isotopic and chemical evolution of both kerogen and extractable organic material. Kerogen displayed a net weight loss of 11% due to methane generation. Kerogen showed essentially no carbon isotopic change. Bitumen contents decreased dramatically across the profile with a measurable 1.5 per mil depletion in 12C for the highest temperature samples. The relatively unique time-temperature history of the study area, and the difference in the kinetics of bitumen and kerogen degradation, is believed to be responsible for the difference in behavior of kerogen and bitumen. Oxygen isotope ratios of matrix calcite suggest that the calcite exchanged with connate water or a very small volume of meteoric water. The final oxygen isotopic ratio of calcite is a function of temperature and the water/calcite volume ratio. Finally, a thermal model involving conductive heating due to a subjacent extension of the White Rock pluton beneath the study area is shown to be capable of generating a temperature of 3°C.

Social dynamics of juvenile marmots: role of kinship and individual variability - Kenneth B. Armitage (Behavioral Ecology, 1982)
A population of eight juvenile female yellow-bellied marmots was introduced into a marmot locality from which all other marmOTS were removed and the individual behavioral profile of each animal was determined by mirror image stimulation.

A comparison of distances flown by different visitors to flowers of the same species - Nickolas M. Waser (Oecologia, 1982)
There is no evidence that flight characteristics depend on anything as straightforward as whether flower visitors have high or low energetic requirements, and all the visitors to a given plant species fly similar, short distances between successively visited flowers and plants.

Searching in a patchy environment: food plant selection by Colias p. eriphyle butterflies - M. L. Stanton (Ecology, 1982)

A Key to the aquatic insects of the streams in the vacinity of the rocky mountain biolociacl lab - B. L. Peckarsky; S. I. Dodson; D. J. Conlkin (1982)

Relationship of mist netting capture rates in aspen woods to levels of insolation, precipitation and temperature fluctuations - J. Chin; E. Mayer (1982)

The effects of reduction in trout density on the invertebrate community of a mountain stream - J. D. Allan (Ecology, 1982)
An experimental reduction in trout density was carried out for 4 yr to determine whether the numbers or species composition of aquatic invertebrates would be affected. In a Colorado stream, the standing crop of trout (mainly Salvelinus fontinalis) prior to this study was 4.86 g/m2, typical of infertile trout streams. Repeated electroshocking of a 1220 m long experimental section kept trout stocks at 10—25% of this initial value during the summers of 1975—1978. Density of invertebrates in the benthos (number of invertebrates per square metre) showed no consistent differences between the trout removal section and upstream and downstream control sections for the majority to taxa examined. Drift density (number of invertebrates per 1000 cubic metres) also failed to show an effect of the trout removal. Some taxa were significantly more abundant at one site than another, but this was attributable to changes along the stream gradient or differences in phenology among the sites rather than experimental reduction of trout. As trout stomach content analysis revealed very intensive grazing of a few taxa aquatic insects, their failure to increase in the trout removal section was unexpected. Statistical analysis showed that because of the variability of the system, a doubling or halving of numbers must occur to be detectable. Within these limits, it is concluded that removal of trout had no significant effect on the prey community, and two explanations are offered. Trout may actually consume only a small fraction of total prey, although this conclusion is limited by inability of current techniques to sample the benthos fully. It is also likely that because streams do not provide areas where fish are predictably absent, the invertebrate community is highly adapted to fish predation and so is not sensitive to manipulations in fish density.

Marmots and coyotes: behavior of prey and predator - Kenneth B. Armitage (Journal of Mammalogy, 1982)
Journal Article Marmots and Coyotes: Behavior of Prey and Predator Get access Kenneth B. Armitage Kenneth B. Armitage Division of Biological Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Mammalogy, Volume 63, Issue 3, 26 August 1982, Pages 503–505, https://doi.org/10.2307/1380453 Published: 26 August 1982 Article history Received: 12 June 1981 Accepted: 19 October 1981 Published: 26 August 1982