Groundwater level elevation and temperature across Meander C at the Lower Montane in the East River Watershed, Colorado. (ess_dive, 2021)
This groundwater level elevation and temperature data package is aimed at improving the predictive understanding of hydro-biogeochemical processes at the lower montane site in the East River Watershed, Colorado. The dataset is obtained using pressure transducers placed in shallow wells in the floodplain. This dataset contains data from wells ER-CPA1 to ER-CPA6 (six wells with SFA Location ID's). Each file contains the water level elevation and the water temperature. Water level elevation have been obtained using the barometric pressure from the pressure transducer (Hobos sensor) in the well, barometric pressure from a sensor in air located at the same site (lower montane), depth from top-of-casing (TOC) to sensor measurement point, and TOC elevation. Data have been checked with a few measurements of water table depths. A real-time kinematic (RTK) global positioning system (GPS) has been used to survey the TOC (data in file WellLocation_WLdataArchive2018). The water level elevation is given in UTM13N Geoid2012AB. While depth to water level is not present in the data files, it can be easily calculated with the TOC and distance to ground provided in the GPS coordinate file (WellLocation_WLdataArchive2018). The dataset quality is discussed in Collection/Analysis section of the methods. Time-series of measurements will be added to this data package, so please check back for updates. If you have questions, please contact the author.

East River Surface and Pore Water FTICR-MS Data Associated with “Implications of sample treatment on characterization of the riverine environmental metabolome” - Jacqueline Wells; Michael J. Wilkins; Nikola Tolic; Lupita Renteria; C. M. Saup; Jacqueline Wells; A. S. Nelson; Jason G. Toyoda; Michael J. Wilkins; Vanessa A. Garayburu-Caruso; A. S. Nelson; Robert E. Danczak; et al. (ess_dive, 2021)
Surface and pore water samples were collected from distributed locations around Meander A in East River (Crested Butte, CO, USA) during the summer of 2018. This dataset consists of the characterization of dissolved organic matter using 12 Tesla Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS; in .xml format) analyzed through the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL; https://www.pnnl.gov/environmental-molecular-sciences-laboratory) using two different sample pre-treatment methods (solid phase extraction, no solid phase extraction) and two electrospray ionization methods (ESI-positive, ESI-negative) to identify the impacts of these choices on the final dataset. This study aimed to understand how the different sample processing methods influence the resulting FTICR-MS dataset. Any published work that utilizes data presented in this dataset should cite the dataset using the DOI number. If using the dataset, please acknowledge the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science (BER) Subsurface Biogeochemical Research (SBR) program, the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL), and Worldwide Hydrobiogeochemical Observation Network for Dynamic River Systems (WHONDRS). The publication DOI will be added to this abstract when available.

Multi-year census of arthropod abundance on the plant Ligusticum porteri near Crested Butte, CO - M. L. Mullins; James H Den Uyl; E. H. Mooney (other, 2021)
The purpose of this study was to track year-to-year variation in aphid abundance on the host plant Ligusticum porteri (Apiaceae). We censused arthropod abundance on the flowering stalks of L. porteri weekly in June-August from 2017 to 2020. The censuses took place in ten L. porteri populations near Crested Butte, CO. The sites were by Brush Creek, Lake Irwin, and Washington Gulch. While the same populations were used across years, we randomly selected ten flowering plants in each population in each year (N = 100 plants per year). Observations focused on colonization by the aphid Aphis asclepiadis, its mutualist ants, and natural enemies. When found, we counted other arthropods as well, identifying them to Family or Order in the field. We also counted the number of host plant flowering stalks and inflorescences (umbel). We tracked flowering phenology using a numerical score (0-8). To track senescence, we used a qualitative score (TB=turning brown and AB=all brown) for terminal and primary umbels.

End-Member Mixing Analysis Data Package for the East River Watershed, CO USA. (ess_dive, 2021)
The data package consolidates water year 2016 stream, rain, snow and groundwater data used by Carroll et al. (2018) for end-member mixing analysis to isolate seasonal stream source within the East River, CO. Stream concentration and daily discharge are provided for the 11 sub-basins of the East River. The Inouye well defines deep groundwater. Weekly rain is collected at Bradley, Forest, LMWL and 403. Snow pits and snow melt chemistry are defined at multiple sites across the East River. Solutes provided include Mg, Ca, Sr, U, Cl, SO4, DIC, d2H and d18O. Carroll, R., Bearup, L., Brown, W., Dong, W., Bill, M., and K.H. Williams. 2018. Factors controlling groundwater and solute flux from snow-dominated basins. Hydrological Processes. Special Issue Water in the Critical Zone. 1-6. DOI:10.1002/hyp.13151.

NEON AOP Imaging Spectroscopy Survey of Upper East River Colorado Watersheds: Raw-Space Radiance and Observational Variable Dataset. (ess_dive, 2021)
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) contracted the National Ecological Observatory Network Airborne Observation Platform (NEON AOP) to observe watersheds of interest near Crested Butte, CO with remotely sensed data including imaging spectroscopy. The flight box design encompassed the watersheds, and flight design targeted a minimum of 30% overlap between adjacent flight lines. The total area surveyed was 334 km2 across 72 lines. Flight lines were oriented north-south for consistency in solar illumination geometry. Seven days were required to cover the flight area. Some areas were flown additional times to improve data quality or temporal coincidence between airborne acquisitions and field sampling. In total, 102 lines were collected and can be downloaded here: https://portal.nersc.gov/wfsfa/doi-10-15485-1617204/. The instrument used for the acquisition was an Airborne Visible-Infrared Imaging Spectrometer - Next Generation (AVIRIS-NG), which records radiance within 426 contiguous spectral bands in the wavelength range from 380 to 2510 nm. The instrument was flown at a target aboveground altitude of 1000 m for a processed data spatial resolution of 1 m. These data are non-orthorectified, radiance data that require further processing prior to use as a surface reflectance data set.

SnowEx20 Grand Mesa IOP BSU Multi-polarization 1 GHz GPR CMP Travel-Times, Version 1 (other, 2021)

Geochemical exports to river from the intrameander hyporheic zone under transient hydrologic conditions, Water Resources Research: Dataset. (ess_dive, 2021)
To understand how redox processes influence carbon, nitrogen, and iron cycling within the intrameander hyporheic zone, we developed a biotic and abiotic reaction network and incorporated it into the reactive transport simulator PFLOTRAN. Two dimensional reactive flow and transport simulations were performed (1) to evaluate how transient hydrological conditions control the lateral redox zonation within an intrameander region of the East River in Colorado and (2) to quantify the impact of a single meander on subsurface exports of carbon and other geochemical species to the river. This data package includes simulated hydrologic and geochemical data from 23 Oct 2015 to 22 Oct 2016.

3 m Resolution Understory Cover for the Upper Gunnison Basin derived from 2015 and 2019 LiDAR Data - Ian K Breckheimer (s3, 2021)
This is a map of vegetation understory cover or density for the Upper Gunnison River Basin based on 2015 and 2019 LiDAR data. Cover is measured as a proportion (0 representing no cover, and 1 representing complete cover).  This dataset was generated from the normalized, elevation-corrected LiDAR point clouds, and was calculated as Density = N_2 / T_2 Where N_2 is the number of LiDAR returns between 0.25 and 2 m above the ground surface, and T is the total number of returns less than 2m above the surface. Calculation was implemented in the R package lidR. The ground-classified points were first used to generate a bare-earth surface, which was subtracted from the point cloud elevation to generate the normalized point cloud.  Topographic artifacts and structures have not been removed from this dataset.

Soil Nitrogen, Water Content, Microbial Biomass, and Archaeal, Bacterial and Fungal Communities from the East River Watershed, Colorado collected in 2016-2017. (ess_dive, 2021)
This data set contains soil measurements made at the Pumphouse Hillslope to Floodplain transect at the locations of the early snowmelt-timing manipulation experiments in the East River Watershed in Colorado, USA. The data were collected in 2016 and 2017 to determine soil microbial responses to snow accumulation, snowmelt, and transition from winter to spring. Some additional data from the Washington Gulch snowmelt manipulation experiment lcoations are also included here. Data were collected on soil cores collected in the field at three soil depths (0 to 5 cm, 5 to 15 cm, 15 cm +) below the soil surface and analyzed in the on homogenized samples with roots and gravel removed. Data include gravimetric soil water content (48 hr oven-dried) and soil pH measurements (1:1 w/vol in ddH2O), dissolved nitrogen pools measured in soil extracts (2M KCl extractant), microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen (0.5M K2SO4 extractant), and archaeal, bacterial, and fungal species determined by Illumina 300 bp paired-read marker gene sequencing (16S rDNA for archaea and bacteria and ITS for fungi).

Time-domain reflectometer survey across the East River Watershed, Colorado. (ess_dive, 2021)
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) collected near-surface point-measurements of soil temperature (file variable TDR_T(C)), volumetric water content (file variable TDR_SM(VWC%)), and soil electrical conductivity (file variable TDR_EC(mS/m)) using a time-domain reflectometer (TDR) at a depth of 25 cm. The survey aimed to characterize the spatial heterogeneity of near-surface hydrological properties at the hillslope scale considering sites with different aspects and elevation within the watershed. The East River is part of the Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area (WFSFA) located in the Upper Colorado River Basin, United States. These data were collected in early July 2019 over four hillslope sites: Pumphouse (north-east facing slope), Bradley (west and east-facing slopes), and Snodgrass (east-facing slope) within the East River watershed. Part of this survey was used to investigate soil-plant interactions at the hillslope scale in Jashvina et al. 2020.

3 m Resolution 80th Percentile Canopy Height Estimates for the Upper Gunnison Basin Derived from 2015 and 2019 LIDAR Data - Ian K Breckheimer (s3, 2021)
This is a map of 20th percentile canopy height above the ground for the Upper Gunnison River Basin based on 2015 and 2019 LiDAR data. Height is measured in meters. This dataset was generated from the terrain-normalized point clouds using functions in the R package lidR. The ground-classified points were first used to generate a bare-earth surface, which was subtracted from the point cloud elevation to generate a terrain-normalized point cloud. Percentile heights were calculated for the LiDAR returns in each pixel using a kernel density method implemented using the quantile() R function. Artifacts from steep topography and structures have not been removed from this dataset.

Mask for the Upper Gunnison SDP Domain at 3 m resolution - Ian K Breckheimer (s3, 2021)
This is a 3m resolution binary map representing areas within the Upper Gunnison Domain of the RMBL Spatial Data Platform.

Data release for Surficial Geology of the Northern San Luis Valley, Saguache, Fremont, Custer, Alamosa, Rio Grande, Conejos, and Costilla Counties, Colorado (other, 2021)
The San Luis Valley and associated underlying basin of south-central Colorado and north-central New Mexico is the largest structural and hydrologic basin of the Rio Grande Rift and fluvial system. The surrounding San Juan and Sangre de Cristo Mountains reveal evidence of widespread volcanism and transtensional tectonism beginning in the Oligocene and continuing to the present, as seen in fault displacement of Pleistocene to Holocene deposits along the eastern basin-bounding Sangre de Cristo fault system and fault zones along the western margin of the basin. The San Luis basin can generally be subdivided into northern and southern basins at the structural and physiographic high terrain of the San Luis Hills in the center of the basin, proximal to the Colorado-New Mexico stateline. The northern San Luis Valley can be subdivided into two subbasins at approximately the latitude of the Great Sand Dunes and San Luis Lakes, where the endorheic northern subbasin surface and subsurface flow currently accumulate in a series of playa lakes. To the south of this playa region, the Rio Grande has captured basin hydrology into a through-going fluvial system cutting through the San Luis Hills, carving the Rio Grande gorge, and ultimately flowing into the Gulf of Mexico. This surficial geologic map of the northern San Luis Valley, paired with the Alamosa, CO 1:100,000-scale geologic map (U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3342) provides new and compiled geologic mapping that characterizes basin deposits and locates the traces of active faults, with the goal to provide geospatial data for future investigations related to western North American neotectonics, Pleistocene paleoclimate, and related geomorphic processes. In addition, present natural and anthropogenic water bodies have been located and updated for hydrologic modeling and water-usage investigations.

Data for Context-dependent biotic interactions control plant abundance across altitudinal environmental gradients, 2014, 2016, Colorado, USA. - Stephanie N. Kivlin; Melanie R Kazenel; J. S. Lynn; Jennifer A. Rudgers (other, 2021)
Many biotic interactions influence community structure, yet most distribution models for plants have focused on plant competition or used only abiotic variables to predict plant abundance. Furthermore, biotic interactions are commonly context-dependent across abiotic gradients. For example, plant-plant interactions can grade from competition to facilitation over temperature gradients. We used a hierarchical Bayesian framework to predict the abundances of 12 plant species across a mountain landscape and test hypotheses on the context-dependency of biotic interactions over abiotic gradients. We combined field-based estimates of six biotic interactions (foliar herbivory and pathogen damage, fungal root colonization, fossorial mammal disturbance, plant cover, and plant diversity) with abiotic data on climate and soil depth, nutrients, and moisture. All biotic interactions were significantly context-dependent along temperature gradients. Results supported the stress gradient hypothesis: As abiotic stress increased, the strength or direction of the relationship between biotic variables and plant abundance generally switched from negative (suggesting suppressed plant abundance) to positive (suggesting facilitation/mutualism). For half of the species, plant cover was the best predictor of abundance, suggesting that the prior focus on plant-plant interactions is well-justified. Explicitly incorporating the context-dependency of biotic interactions generated novel hypotheses about drivers of plant abundance across abiotic gradients and may improve the accuracy of niche models.

Microclimate observations associated with snowmelt experiment gradient sites, East River, Colorado, 2017 to 2020 (ess_dive, 2021)
The timing of snowmelt in mountain systems is a main driver of vegetation phenology and production, as well as recharge of soil moisture and ground water. Decreases in maximum snowpack and warmer spring temperatures have led to a higher frequency of early snowmelt. This study combines a natural elevation gradient with an experimental manipulation of snowmelt timing to assess the effect of earlier melt on hillslope and watershed ecohydrological processes. This data package includes csv files with plot and sub-plot level observations of soil temperature (SM_ST.csv), soil moisture (SM_SWC.csv), air temperature (SM_AirT.csv), and relative humidity (SM_rH.csv). The date range of this dataset includes a pre-treatment year (2017), two treatment years (2018 and 2019), and a post-treatment year (2020). Location IDs associated with this data package are: ER-LM, WG-UM, WG-LS, ER-US, and XX-AL. Related data packages include: “Colorado Elevation Gradient Snowmelt Manipulation Plant Phenology 2017-2018” and “Sensor-based phenology from snowmelt experiment gradient, East River, Colorado, 2017 to 2020”

Mammalian herbivores restrict the altitudinal range limits of three alpine grass species, West Elk Mountains, Colorado, USA 2015-2018 (other, 2021)
Though rarely experimentally tested, biotic interactions have long been hypothesized to limit low-elevation range boundaries of species. We tested the effects of herbivory on three alpine-restricted plant species by transplanting plants below (novel), at the edge (limit), or in the center (core) of their current elevational range and factorially fencing-out above- and belowground mammals in the West Elk Mountains, Colorado, USA from 2015-2018. Herbivore damage was greater in range limit and novel habitats than in range cores. Exclosures increased plant biomass and reproduction more in novel habitats than in range cores, suggesting demographic costs of novel interactions with herbivores. We then used demographic models to project population growth rates, which increased 5-20% more under herbivore exclosure at range limit and novel sites than in core habitats. Our results identify mammalian herbivores as key drivers of the low-elevation range limits of alpine plants and indicate that upward encroachment of herbivores could trigger local extinctions by depressing plant population growth.

Depth-resolved seasonal porewater chemistry measurements from 3 locations around Meander A of the East River, Colorado (ess_dive, 2021)
Depth-resolved pore water samples were recovered from 3 locations around Meander A in the East River near Crested Butte, CO, USA for a suite of physiochemical analyses. Supplemental_Information.csv contains water quality measurements including pH, conductivity, temperature, ORP, TDS, O2 concentration, metal concentrations, carbon chemistry, and isotopic signatures; Coordinates.csv contains information regarding sampling locations; and Analysis_Notes.csv contains information regarding instrumentation and detection limits.

Distinct Source Water Chemistry Shapes Contrasting Concentration Discharge Patterns, Water Resources Research: Dataset. - Wei Zhi (ess_dive, 2021)
This data package contains discharge and water quality data and model results at Coal Creek Watershed in the central Rocky Mountains of Colorado, USA. Files include high-frequency stream chemistry data collected during the period of Dec 2015 to Jun 2018, and model results of water storage and flux. The dataset also includes dissolved organic carbon and sodium stream chemistry data for the period of 2016. Our model then incorporates the USGS datasets of discharge and stream chemistry, for which data and citations are provided in the dataset files and related reference field. The resulting model BioRT-Flux-PIHM is the biogeochemical reactive transport model of the PIHM family code MM-PIHM for watershed processes and is detailed in the reference paper (doi.org/10.1029/2018WR024257) and in Github (https://github.com/PSUmodeling/BioRT-Flux-PIHM).

Assessment of Spatiotemporal Variability of Evapotranspiration and Its Governing Factors in a Mountainous Watershed at the East River, Colorado, Water: Dataset. (ess_dive, 2021)
This data package contains simulation results of daily evapotranspiration for 17 locations of meteorological stations with different precipitation, air temperature and vegetation within the East River Watershed, Colorado (CLMResult.csv). Daily precipitation data is included for reference. These are the main results of the paper Tran, 2019. Meteorological stations names, latitude and longitude coordinates of meteorological stations, types of lands from the National Land Cover Database, and a comparison with the community land model (CLM) data are also included (Met_LC.csv). The purpose of this data is to analyze the spatio-temporal variations of evapotranspiration at the East River Watershed and understand the factors that control these variations. More information regarding the study, methods, and findings can be found in the Related Reference paper.

Hydraulic test data - Lyndsay B Ball (other, 2020)
Boreholes were drilled in 2017 and 2018 in Redwell Basin, a headwater catchment underlain by mineralized and hydrothermally altered sedimentary rock in the Elk Mountains near the town of Crested Butte, Colorado. Site locations and well construction are documented under the main page of this data release. Hydraulic data were acquired during drilling and on core samples to estimate the hydraulic properties of selected geologic materials. While advancing the drill stem, long-interval packer tests were conducted in MW1 and MW2 boreholes to measure in-situ formation permeability. The open borehole interval targeted for each hydraulic test was exposed by raising the drill stem about 10 m above the bottom of the hole. A single-bladder packer [...]

Hybrid predictive modeling approach simulated evapotranspiration and ecosystem respiration data (ess_dive, 2020)
This dataset includes measured data used for developing hybrid-predictive-modeling (HPM) approach and simulated evapotranspiration and ecosystem respiration data across several Fluxnet sites, Snow Telemetry (SNOTEL) sites and East River Watershed in Colorado locations. Fluxnet sites considered in this study include: Saskatchewan-Aspen (CA-OAS), Saskatchewan-Black Spruce (CA-OBS), Niwot Ridge (US-NR1), Tonzi Ranch (US-TON), Vaira Ranch-lone (US-VAR), Santa Rita Mesquite (US-SRM), Walnut Gulch Lucky Hills Shrub (US-WHS), and Walnut Gulch Kendall Grasslands (US-WKG). Snotel sites include: Butte (ER-BT), Porphyry Creek (ER-PK) and Schofield Pass (ER-SP). The 16 East River Watershed locations with different vegetation types are denoted by: evergreen forests (EF), deciduous forests (DF), riparian shrublands (RS) and meadow grassland (MS). This data package includes: 1) A summary spread sheet of the sites and acronyms for data variables. 2) Processed Fluxnet datasets that are obtained from Fluxnet.fluxdata.org with HPM estimated evapotranspiration (ET) and ecosystem respiration (RECO) and the trained parameter metrics and models for Fluxnet sites; 3) Processed SNOTEL datasets obtained from www.nrcs.usda.gov/snow/ and HPM estimated ET and RECO; 4) Weather data at east river locations obtained from DAYMET (daymet.ornl.gov) as well as HPM estimated ET and RECO. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) datasets are obtained from Landsat 5, 7 and 8 on Google Earth Engine platform. Detailed QA/QC and sampling methods of measured data are available at the original data source.

Digital subsurface data of Paleozoic rocks in the Upper Colorado River Basin in Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico from USGS Regional Aquifer System Analysis (other, 2020)
The Upper Colorado River Basin has a drainage area of about 113,500 square miles in western Colorado, eastern Utah, southwestern Wyoming, northeastern Arizona, and northwestern New Mexico. In the 1980’s and 1990’s, the Upper Colorado River Basin was a study area under of the U.S. Geological Survey's Regional Aquifer-System Analysis (RASA) program (Sun and Johnston, 1994; Sun and Weeks, 1991). The objectives of the RASA program for the Upper Colorado River Basin were to provide regional assessments of major aquifer systems by providing quantitative assessments of the occurrence, movement, and availability of water stored in rock formations that underlie the basin/watershed. These assessments included: (1) the classification of stratigraphic [...]

Database for the Geologic Map of the Bonanza Caldera Area, Northeastern San Juan Mountains, Colorado (other, 2020)
The San Juan Mountains in southwestern Colorado have long been recognized as a site of exceptionally voluminous mid-Tertiary volcanism, including at least 24 major ignimbrite sheets (each 150-5,000 km3) and associated caldera structures active at 33-23 Ma. More recent volcanologic and petrologic studies in the San Juan region have focused mainly on several ignimbrite-caldera systems: the southeastern area (Platoro complex), western calderas (Uncompahgre-Silverton-Lake City), the central cluster (La Garita-Creede calderas). The northeast San Juan region that was far less studied until recently occupies a transition between earlier volcanism in central Colorado and the larger-volume younger ignimbrite-caldera foci farther south and west. [...]

The State of Open Data 2020 - Digital Science; Mariette van Selm; Nature Research; Mark Hahnel; Greg Goodey; Kathleen Shearer; Alan Hyndman; Leslie D. McIntosh; Brian Nosek; Grace Baynes; Merce Crosas (other, 2020)
We’re proud to release our fifth State of Open Data report and feel inspired and encouraged that most open data trends are heading in the right direction. The report outlines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on research and how this has influenced researchers' data sharing behaviour. Alongside survey results from 4,500 participants, the report includes a collection of articles from global industry experts.

Differential concentration discharge for the upper and lower reaches of the East River Watershed, Colorado (ess_dive, 2020)
This dataset captures the difference in concentration over the difference in discharge across upper and lower reaches of the East River watershed for 2015 and 2016 water years. The East River is part of the Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area (WFSFA) located in the Upper Colorado River Basin, United States. Herein, the upper reach is defined as the segment between EAQ (East Above Quigley) and EBC (East Below Copper), and the lower reach is defined as the segment between EBC and PH (Pump House). The overall purpose of the dataset is to provide a better accounting of the gains, losses or fractional solute turnover between sampling stations. Compiled data for the two segments (EAQ to EBC and EBC to PH) are provided in two Excel files, and the same data are provided in csv format in the corresponding zip files.

Turbulence dissipation rate estimated from Doppler Lidar measurements during LAPSE-RATE (other, 2020)
This dataset includes turbulence dissipation rate estimated from the University of Colorado Windcube v1 lidars and the University of Oklahoma Halo Streamline scanning Doppler Lidar during the 2018 LAPSE-RATE (Lower Atmospheric Profiling Studies at Elevation - a Remotely-piloted Aircraft Team Experiment) field campaign.This campaign took place in the San Luis Valley of Colorado between 14-21 July, 2018. On 14 July, both Windcube lidars were co-located at the Saguache site for intercomparison. WC49 (here named DPLR2) was moved to the Moffat School site late in the day on the 14th, where the Halo Streamline was deployed. Bad or missing data is set to -9999.9 for variable fields.

LAPSE-RATE ground-based Doppler lidar datasets from Univ Colorado Boulder (other, 2020)
This dataset includes measurements obtained using the University of Colorado Windcube v1 lidars during the 2018 LAPSE-RATE (Lower Atmospheric Profiling Studies at Elevation - a Remotely-piloted Aircraft Team Experiment) field campaign. This campaign took place in the San Luis Valley of Colorado between 14-21 July, 2018. On 14 July, both lidars were co-located at the Saguache site for intercomparison. WC49 (here named DPLR2) was moved to the Moffat School site late in the day on the 14th. Moffat School data starts on the 15th. Bad or missing data is set to -9999.0 for all fields. The a1 and the a2 datafiles are identical except that the a2 files include beam information (0, 90, 180, or 270) that was omitted from the a1 files.

Snowmelt Timing Maps Derived from MODIS for North America, Version 2, 2001-2018 - R. A. Matthews; M. Medler; Dorothy K. Hall; A. Flower; D. O'Leary III (other, 2020)
This data set provides snowmelt timing maps (STMs), cloud interference maps, and a map with the count of calculated snowmelt timing values for North America. The STMs are based on the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) standard 8-day composite snow-cover product MOD10A2 collection 6 for the period 2001-01-01 to 2018-12-31. The STMs were created by conducting a time-series analysis of the MOD10A2 snow maps to identify the DOY of snowmelt on a per-pixel basis. Snowmelt timing (no-snow) was defined as a snow-free reading following two consecutive snow-present readings for a given 500-m pixel. The count of STM values is also reported, which represents the number of years on record in the STMs from 2001-2018.

WHONDRS Summer 2019 Sampling Campaign: Global River Corridor Sediment FTICR-MS, Dissolved Organic Carbon, Aerobic Respiration, Elemental Composition, Grain Size, Total Nitrogen and Organic Carbon Content, Bacterial Abundance, and Stable Isotopes (v9) (2020)
The WHONDRS Summer 2019 Sampling (S19S) Campaign collected samples in 97 globally distributed river corridor systems between July and September 2019. Surficial streambed sediments were collected at three locations within each site (upstream, midstream, and downstream). Surface water was collected at the downstream site. This dataset includes a portion of the data types produced from the sediment samples and does not include any results from the surface water. Surface water data can be found at https://data.ess-dive.lbl.gov/view/doi:10.15485/1603775. The S19S campaign was designed with the science community to ask questions associated with links among core/transient metabolomes, microbial metabolism, biogeochemical function, and physical properties of watershed and river corridor systems. This data package was originally published in December 2020. It was updated in April 2021 (v2; modified files), May 2022 (v3; new and modified files), November 2022 (v4; new and modified files), January 2023 (v5 and v6; new and modified files), February 2023 (v7; new and modified files), August 2023 (v8; new and modified files), and July 2025 (new and modified files). See the change history section in the readme for details. This dataset contains (1) high resolution characterization of dissolved organic matter from sediment via 12 Tesla Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS) through the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL; https://www.pnnl.gov/environmental-molecular-sciences-laboratory); (2) dissolved organic carbon (DOC, measured as non-purgeable organic carbon, NPOC); (3) respiration rates and normalized respiration rates calculated from laboratory sediment incubations; (4) X-ray fluorescence (XRF) elemental composition; (5) grain size distribution from the < 2 millimeter fraction of sediment; (6) total organic carbon and total nitrogen content; (7) bacterial abundance flow cytometry data; (8) sediment stable isotopes (C and N); (9) site photos; (10) field and laboratory methods metadata, including international generic sample number (IGSN) mapping file; (11) file-level metadata (flmd); (12) data dictionary (dd); and (13) water and sediment mass and volume used in incubations. The FTICR-MS files are .xml, and the data package includes instructions for using Formularity (https://omics.pnl.gov/software/formularity) and an R script to process the data based on the user’s specific needs. The XRF data includes .msa, .txt, and .spx files. All other data files are .csv, .pdf, .txt, .jpg, or .jpeg. CORRECTION: Carbon and nitrogen content are reported as percentages. The current column headers "01395_C_percent_per_mg" and "01397_N_percent_per_mg" are incorrect. These should read "01395_C_percent" and "01397_N_percent" and will be corrected in the next version of this data package.

Hybrid predictive modeling approach simulated evapotranspiration and ecosystem respiration data (ess_dive, 2020)
This dataset includes measured data used for developing hybrid-predictive-modeling (HPM) approach and simulated evapotranspiration and ecosystem respiration data across several Fluxnet sites, SNOTEL sites and East River locations (Chen et al., 2020 in review). Fluxnet sites considered in this study include: CA-OAS, CA-OBS, US-NR1, US-TON, US-VAR, US-SRM, US-WHS, US-WKG. Snotel sites Butte (ER-BT), Porphyry Creek (ER-PK) and Schofield Pass (ER-SP) are included as well 16 east river locations with different vegetation types denoted by evergreen forests (EF), deciduous forests (DF), riparian shrublands (RS) and meadow grassland (MS). This data package includes: 1) A summary spread sheet of the sites and acronyms for data variables. 2) Processed Fluxnet datasets that are obtained from Fluxnet.fluxdata.org with HPM estimated evapotranspiration (ET) and ecosystem respiration (RECO). Trained models and metrics for parameters for the Fluxnet sites were added in an update on November 2, 2020; 3) Processed SNOTEL datasets obtained from www.nrcs.usda.gov/snow/ and HPM estimated ET and RECO; 4) Weather data at east river locations obtained from DAYMET (daymet.ornl.gov) as well as HPM estimated ET and RECO. NDVI datasets are obtained from Landsat 5, 7 and 8 on Google Earth Engine platform. Detailed QA/QC and sampling methods of measured data are available at the original data source.

Differential concentration discharge for the upper and lower reaches of the East River Watershed, Colorado - Madison Burrus; Madison Burrus; S. S. Hubbard; Madison Burrus; Madison Burrus; Michelle Newcomer; Michelle Newcomer; S. S. Hubbard; Michelle Newcomer; Bhavna Arora; Michelle Newcomer; S. S. Hubbard; et al. (ess_dive, 2020)
This dataset captures the difference in concentration over the difference in discharge across upper and lower reaches of the East River watershed for 2015 and 2016 water years. The East River is part of the Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area (WFSFA) located in the Upper Colorado River Basin, United States. Herein, the upper reach is defined as the segment between EAQ (East Above Quigley) and EBC (East Below Copper), and the lower reach is defined as the segment between EBC and PH (Pump House). The overall purpose of the dataset is to provide a better accounting of the gains, losses or fractional solute turnover between sampling stations. Compiled data for the two segments (EAQ to EBC and EBC to PH) are provided in two Excel files, and the same data are provided in csv format in the corresponding zip files.

Post survey report for AOP Assignable Asset collection of Crested Butte, CO (ess_dive, 2020)
This report contains details of the National Ecological Observatory Network Airborne Observation Platform (NEON AOP) assignable asset (AA) flight over Crested Butte, Colorado (CO). The report is being prepared for Lawrence Berkeley National Lab (LBNL), the primary clients for the flights who contracted the NEON AOP for flights during June 2018. The report includes a summary of the acquired flight lines over the planned area, results of calibration surveys, and quality assurance (QA) results of the acquired data. Detailed reports on the acquired data and processing results were also delivered with the data. LBNL contracted the AA NEON AOP flights to observe watersheds of interest at Crested Butte with remotely sensed data including high resolution LiDAR, imaging spectroscopy, and high-resolution camera imagery. The remote sensing imagery acquired by the AOP intendeds to support LBNL on an interdisciplinary project on hydrology, biogeochemistry, and ecosystem functioning in the area surrounding the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory (RMBL), one of the most prominent ecological study sites in the United States.

Long-term flowering phenology and abundance data at Gothic, Colorado - Underwood B. D.; Irwin D. W.; Inouye N.; R. M. Dalton; Inouye (other, 2020)
Prof. David Inouye has been collecting data on the abundance and timing of flowers that fall within permanent plots at the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory (RMBL), in Gothic, Colorado, USA, from 1973 to present. During the growing season, flowers of each species are counted approximately every other day, though in some years the start and/or end of flowering were missed, and data were not collected in 1978 and 1990. A core set of 23 2 x 2 m plots have been followed 1974-present (excluding 1978 and 1990), and additional plots have been added through the years (two in 1985, three in 1998, and two in 2004). Data are now collected in a total of 30 plots and up to 135 plant species have been recorded in the plots. A companion dataset on the long-term abundance and phenology of bees at the RMBL is also available on the Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/kmxyn). The project is now managed by David's son Brian Inouye with collaborators Nora Underwood and Rebecca Irwin.

Post survey report for AOP Assignable Asset collection of Crested Butte, CO (ess_dive, 2020)
This report contains details of the National Ecological Observatory Network Airborne Observation Platform (NEON AOP) assignable asset (AA) flight over Crested Butte, Colorado (CO). The report is being prepared for Lawrence Berkeley National Lab (LBNL), the primary clients for the flights who contracted the NEON AOP for flights during June 2018. The report includes a summary of the acquired flight lines over the planned area, results of calibration surveys, and quality assurance (QA) results of the acquired data. Detailed reports on the acquired data and processing results were also delivered with the data. LBNL contracted the AA NEON AOP flights to observe watersheds of interest at Crested Butte with remotely sensed data including high resolution LiDAR, imaging spectroscopy, and high-resolution camera imagery. The remote sensing imagery acquired by the AOP intendeds to support LBNL on an interdisciplinary project on hydrology, biogeochemistry, and ecosystem functioning in the area surrounding the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory (RMBL), one of the most prominent ecological study sites in the United States.

Conifer water use patterns in the East River Watershed, Colorado US, based on stable water isotopes and cellulose isotopes (ess_dive, 2020)
This data package contains a series of datasets aimed at understanding the seasonal origins of water used by the dominant conifer species, Abies lasiocarpa and Picea engelmannii, in the East River Watershed. There is a distinct difference in the stable isotopic ratio of summer rain and snowpack and thus by tracking the isotopic ratio of the xylem water in trees, it is possible to separate when a tree is using snow vs. summer rain. Following typical protocols, we sampled and extracted water from soils in the "Research Meadow" near Gothic, CO within the East River Watershed through the 2016 growing season. The stable isotopic ratio of these waters were then measured. Using values of the isotopic ratio of precipitation and snowpack from that season, we develop a mixing model to show how the trees transitioned from use of snowpack to summer in late July. We extended the information on the seasonal origins of water from 2016 back until 1980 by using measurements of the isotopic ratio of cellulose from trees in the Research Meadow. The isotopic ratio of tree ring cellulose records a signal both of the Vapor Pressure Deficit at the leaf-atmosphere boundary and also the source water for the trees. We concluded from this extended analysis that the trees underwent transitions between periods where snow was the dominant water source and summer rain was the dominant water source. More details on this analysis can be found in the publication: Persistence and Plasticity in Conifer Water Use Strategies. JGR Biogeoscience. DOI 10.1029/2018JG004845. The dataset specifically includes stable isotope measurements of xylem and soil water for Spruce and Fir trees at the Rocky Mountain Biological Lab's Research Meadow as well as snowpack and precipitation stable isotopes from nearby National Atmospheric Deposition Program sites. Associated meteorological data is included, which is needed to understand the source water for the trees based on the cellulose measurements. The dataset also includes intra-ring measurements of the d18O and d13C of cellulose these same species of trees at the Ziegler Reservoir site in Snowmass, CO. This site was chosen because it is a location where subfossil wood from the last interglacial period (116,000 to 130,000 years ago) were discovered. We measured the d18O and d13C of the subfossil trees following the same protocol as the modern samples. We found that the trees utilized more summer rain during the interglacial period. This analysis and detailed methods are provided in the following manuscript: Wetter summers mitigated temperature stress on Rocky Mountain forests during the last interglacial warm period which is in revision at GRL but is available as a preprint here: 10.1002/essoar.10506740.2

Hybrid predictive modeling approach simulated evapotranspiration and ecosystem respiration data (ess_dive, 2020)
This dataset includes measured data used for developing hybrid-predictive-modeling (HPM) approach and simulated evapotranspiration and ecosystem respiration data across several Fluxnet sites, Snow Telemetry (SNOTEL) sites and East River Watershed in Colorado locations. Fluxnet sites considered in this study include: Saskatchewan-Aspen (CA-OAS), Saskatchewan-Black Spruce (CA-OBS), Niwot Ridge (US-NR1), Tonzi Ranch (US-TON), Vaira Ranch-lone (US-VAR), Santa Rita Mesquite (US-SRM), Walnut Gulch Lucky Hills Shrub (US-WHS), and Walnut Gulch Kendall Grasslands (US-WKG). Snotel sites include: Butte (ER-BT), Porphyry Creek (ER-PK) and Schofield Pass (ER-SP). The 16 East River Watershed locations with different vegetation types are denoted by: evergreen forests (EF), deciduous forests (DF), riparian shrublands (RS) and meadow grassland (MS). This data package includes: 1) A summary spread sheet of the sites and acronyms for data variables. 2) Processed fluxnet datasets that are obtained from Fluxnet.fluxdata.org with HPM estimated evapotranspiration (ET) and ecosystem respiration (RECO); 3) Processed SNOTEL datasets obtained from www.nrcs.usda.gov/snow/ and HPM estimated ET and RECO; 4) Weather data at east river locations obtained from DAYMET (daymet.ornl.gov) as well as HPM estimated ET and RECO. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) datasets are obtained from Landsat 5, 7 and 8 on Google Earth Engine platform. Detailed QA/QC and sampling methods of measured data are available at the original data source.

LAPSE-RATE ground-based Doppler lidar datasets from Univ Colorado Boulder (other, 2020)
This dataset includes measurements obtained using the University of Colorado Windcube v1 lidars during the 2018 LAPSE-RATE (Lower Atmospheric Profiling Studies at Elevation - a Remotely-piloted Aircraft Team Experiment) field campaign. This campaign took place in the San Luis Valley of Colorado between 14-21 July, 2018. On 14 July, both lidars were co-located at the Saguache site for intercomparison. WC49 (here named DPLR2) was moved to the Moffat School site late in the day on the 14th. Moffat School data starts on the 15th. Bad or missing data is set to -9999.0 for all fields. The a1 and the a2 datafiles are identical except that the a2 files include beam information (0, 90, 180, or 270) that was omitted from the a1 files.

Ute Ulay Dam - oc534 (other, 2020)
The Ute Ulay Mining Complex is located along the Alpine Loop Scenic Byway just south of Lake City, Colorado. The Ute Ulay mining claims were discovered in 1871 and were one of the biggest producers of gold and silver in the San Juan Mountains. The Bureau of Land Management Gunnison Field Office has partnered with Hinsdale County to promote heritage tourism and has stabilized and preserved several structures within the mining complex. Ute Ulay was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2017. The Ute Ulay Dam was constructed in 1926 to provide hydropower to the mill that processed the gold and silver ores. The poured concrete dam measures 160 feet across and is reinforced with woven rebar. Water was forced into the hydropower plant from a flume originating from the dam. The hydropower plant produced power using three turbine water wheels. The power plant was used until 1951, when the flume collapsed. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab

Contiguous U.S. annual snow persistence and trends from 2001-2020 - John C Hammond (other, 2020)
Snow persistence (SP) or the snow cover index (SCI), is the fraction of time that snow is present on the ground for a defined period. Cloud covered index (CCI) is the fraction of time that there is no data, cloud, or sensor saturation for the same period. SP and CCI were calculated on a pixel by pixel basis using MODIS/Terra Snow Cover 8-Day L3 Global 500m Grid, Collection 6 obtained from the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC). January 1 - July 3 SP was calculated for each year as the fraction of 8-day MODIS images with snow present. The selected period brackets the temporal extent of peak snow accumulation to complete snow ablation in most parts of the western United States. The July 3 date is used because the 8-day MODIS image does not fall on the first of the month in this case. This data release contains gridded 500 m MODIS snow persistence for years 2001 to 2020 along with accompanying pixel by pixel trends for the entire contiguous U.S.

Migration Stopovers (WGFD) of Mule Deer in the Platte Valley Herd in Wyoming - Wyoming Game and Fish Department (other, 2020)
The Platte Valley Herd Corridor was designated by the Wyoming Game and Fish Department in 2018 (fig. 30). The Platte Valley herd contains approximately 11,000 mule deer. The corridor is based on two wintering populations, including a south segment from Saratoga, Wyoming, to the Colorado State line, and a north segment from Saratoga to the Dana Ridge area north of I-80. Winter ranges in the Platte Valley are more dispersed than winter ranges in other parts of the state, so deer migrate in many different directions. Many deer in the southern segment follow the Platte River south to summer ranges in Colorado. Most deer migrations in the north radiate south and east from winter ranges along I-80. The WGFD collared 45 additional mule deer [...]

Migration Corridors (WGFD Designated) of Mule Deer in the Platte Valley Herd in Wyoming - Wyoming Game and Fish Department (other, 2020)
The Platte Valley Herd Corridor was designated by the Wyoming Game and Fish Department in 2018 (fig. 30). The Platte Valley herd contains approximately 11,000 mule deer. The corridor is based on two wintering populations, including a south segment from Saratoga, Wyoming, to the Colorado State line, and a north segment from Saratoga to the Dana Ridge area north of I-80. Winter ranges in the Platte Valley are more dispersed than winter ranges in other parts of the state, so deer migrate in many different directions. Many deer in the southern segment follow the Platte River south to summer ranges in Colorado. Most deer migrations in the north radiate south and east from winter ranges along I-80. The WGFD collared 45 additional mule deer [...]

Turbulence dissipation rate estimated from Doppler Lidar measurements during LAPSE-RATE (other, 2020)
This dataset includes turbulence dissipation rate estimated from the University of Colorado Windcube v1 lidars and the University of Oklahoma Halo Streamline scanning Doppler Lidar during the 2018 LAPSE-RATE (Lower Atmospheric Profiling Studies at Elevation - a Remotely-piloted Aircraft Team Experiment) field campaign.This campaign took place in the San Luis Valley of Colorado between 14-21 July, 2018. On 14 July, both Windcube lidars were co-located at the Saguache site for intercomparison. WC49 (here named DPLR2) was moved to the Moffat School site late in the day on the 14th, where the Halo Streamline was deployed. Bad or missing data is set to -9999.9 for variable fields.

Conifer water use patterns in the East River Watershed, Colorado US, based on stable water isotopes and cellulose isotopes (ess_dive, 2020)
This data package contains a series of datasets aimed at understanding the seasonal origins of water used by the dominant conifer species, Abies lasiocarpa and Picea engelmannii, in the East River Watershed. There is a distinct difference in the stable isotopic ratio of summer rain and snowpack and thus by tracking the isotopic ratio of the xylem water in trees, it is possible to separate when a tree is using snow vs. summer rain. Following typical protocols, we sampled and extracted water from soils in the "Research Meadow" near Gothic, CO within the East River Watershed through the 2016 growing season. The stable isotopic ratio of these waters were then measured. Using values of the isotopic ratio of precipitation and snowpack from that season, we develop a mixing model to show how the trees transitioned from use of snowpack to summer in late July. We extended the information on the seasonal origins of water from 2016 back until 1980 by using measurements of the isotopic ratio of cellulose from trees in the Research Meadow. The isotopic ratio of tree ring cellulose records a signal both of the Vapor Pressure Deficit at the leaf-atmosphere boundary and also the source water for the trees. We concluded from this extended analysis that the trees underwent transitions between periods where snow was the dominant water source and summer rain was the dominant water source. More details on this analysis can be found in the publication: Persistence and Plasticity in Conifer Water Use Strategies. JGR Biogeoscience. DOI 10.1029/2018JG004845. The dataset specifically includes stable isotope measurements of xylem and soil water for Spruce and Fir trees at the Rocky Mountain Biological Lab's Research Meadow as well as snowpack and precipitation stable isotopes from nearby National Atmospheric Deposition Program sites. The dataset also includes intra-ring measurements of the d18O of cellulose from these trees at this site as well as at the Ziegler Reservoir site in Snowmass, CO. Associated meteorological data is included, which is needed to understand the source water for the trees based on the cellulose measurements.

Hybrid predictive modeling approach simulated evapotranspiration and ecosystem respiration data (ess_dive, 2020)
This dataset includes measured data used for developing hybrid-predictive-modeling (HPM) approach and simulated evapotranspiration and ecosystem respiration data across several Fluxnet sites, SNOTEL sites and East River locations (Chen et al., 2020 in review). Fluxnet sites considered in this study include: CA-OAS, CA-OBS, US-NR1, US-TON, US-VAR, US-SRM, US-WHS, US-WKG. Snotel sites Butte (ER-BT), Porphyry Creek (ER-PK) and Schofield Pass (ER-SP) are included as well 16 east river locations with different vegetation types denoted by evergreen forests (EF), deciduous forests (DF), riparian shrublands (RS) and meadow grassland (MS). This data package includes: 1) A summary spread sheet of the sites and acronyms for data variables. 2) Processed Fluxnet datasets that are obtained from Fluxnet.fluxdata.org with HPM estimated evapotranspiration (ET) and ecosystem respiration (RECO). Trained models and metrics for parameters for the Fluxnet sites were added in an update on November 2, 2020; 3) Processed SNOTEL datasets obtained from www.nrcs.usda.gov/snow/ and HPM estimated ET and RECO; 4) Weather data at east river locations obtained from DAYMET (daymet.ornl.gov) as well as HPM estimated ET and RECO. NDVI datasets are obtained from Landsat 5, 7 and 8 on Google Earth Engine platform. Detailed QA/QC and sampling methods of measured data are available at the original data source.

Digital subsurface data of Paleozoic rocks in the Upper Colorado River Basin in Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico from USGS Regional Aquifer System Analysis (other, 2020)
The Upper Colorado River Basin has a drainage area of about 113,500 square miles in western Colorado, eastern Utah, southwestern Wyoming, northeastern Arizona, and northwestern New Mexico. In the 1980’s and 1990’s, the Upper Colorado River Basin was a study area under of the U.S. Geological Survey's Regional Aquifer-System Analysis (RASA) program (Sun and Johnston, 1994; Sun and Weeks, 1991). The objectives of the RASA program for the Upper Colorado River Basin were to provide regional assessments of major aquifer systems by providing quantitative assessments of the occurrence, movement, and availability of water stored in rock formations that underlie the basin/watershed. These assessments included: (1) the classification of stratigraphic [...]

Database for the Geologic Map of the Bonanza Caldera Area, Northeastern San Juan Mountains, Colorado (other, 2020)
The San Juan Mountains in southwestern Colorado have long been recognized as a site of exceptionally voluminous mid-Tertiary volcanism, including at least 24 major ignimbrite sheets (each 150-5,000 km3) and associated caldera structures active at 33-23 Ma. More recent volcanologic and petrologic studies in the San Juan region have focused mainly on several ignimbrite-caldera systems: the southeastern area (Platoro complex), western calderas (Uncompahgre-Silverton-Lake City), the central cluster (La Garita-Creede calderas). The northeast San Juan region that was far less studied until recently occupies a transition between earlier volcanism in central Colorado and the larger-volume younger ignimbrite-caldera foci farther south and west. [...]

RMBL USFS & BLM Lands - Shannon Sprott (other, 2020)
These are the parcel lands within Gunnison County that are either managed or owned by the US forest Service or the Bureau of Land Management. This layer was created by RMBL GIS, and is a subset of data from the original Exempt shapefile downloaded from the Gunnison County website. The data download link goes to the shapefile data format, though this data is available for download off the ArcGIS Online site as a KML, File Geodatabase, and GeoJson file types.

Natural abundance nitrate isotopes from Rifle and the East River Watershed, Colorado - Taylor Maavara; Taylor Maavara; Taylor Maavara; Patrick O. Sorensen; M. Conrad; Taylor Maavara; Patrick O. Sorensen; M. Conrad; Patrick O. Sorensen; M. Conrad; Nicholas J. Bouskill; Patrick O. Sorensen; et al. (ess_dive, 2020)
This data package provides data on the natural abundance isotopes of nitrate from various sources, including porewater, stream, and precipitation. The overall purpose of this data package is to complement additional data streams for nitrogen cycling metrics (e.g., riverine inorganic and organic nitrogen measurements) with specific data gleaned from the interpretation of terrestrial and riverine isotope measurements and collectively understand on how nitrogen is cycled around this system. The Rifle and East River are part of the Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area (WFSFA) located in the Upper Colorado River Basin, United States. Collection locations include: Pumphouse (multiple sampling dates), River (upstream/ downstream meander C), Shallow soil lysimeters (hillslope, toeslope, floodplain), Hillslope-floodplain borehole wells (i.e., Pumphouse Lower Montane (PLM) wells), and Potassium chloride(KCL)-extracted soil samples. Copper Creek sampling includes 8x river sample points and two tributaries sampled on Sept. Oct. 2017, July 2018. East River below the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory sampling includes 1 access point sampled on July, Sept. Oct. 2017. Rifle floodplain sampling includes well TT03 across multiple collection times over 2014. Data is provided in 5 individual files by location in csv format, or all compiled in Excel format.

Database for the Geologic Map of the Bonanza Caldera Area, Northeastern San Juan Mountains, Colorado (other, 2020)
The San Juan Mountains in southwestern Colorado have long been recognized as a site of exceptionally voluminous mid-Tertiary volcanism, including at least 24 major ignimbrite sheets (each 150-5,000 km3) and associated caldera structures active at 33-23 Ma. More recent volcanologic and petrologic studies in the San Juan region have focused mainly on several ignimbrite-caldera systems: the southeastern area (Platoro complex), western calderas (Uncompahgre-Silverton-Lake City), the central cluster (La Garita-Creede calderas). The northeast San Juan region that was far less studied until recently occupies a transition between earlier volcanism in central Colorado and the larger-volume younger ignimbrite-caldera foci farther south and west. The present study of the Bonanza area evaluates eruptive and magmatic processes of silicic Cordilleran volcanism in this northeast region, based on new geologic mapping (mainly summers of 2007-12) and concurrent petrologic and geochronologic analysis. The resulting map is based on new field mapping of volcanic rocks in thirteen 7.5-minute quadrangles in northeastern parts of the volcanic field, petrologic studies involving several hundred new chemical analyses, and high-resolution age determinations for about 130 sites. The Bonanza center contains exceptionally complete and diverse features of an ignimbrite caldera cycle, including voluminous andesite erupted before and after ignimbrite eruptions, complex compositional zonation within both the outflow ignimbrite sheet and the tuff concurrently ponded within the caldera, extensive portions of the ring-fault system that accommodated subsidence, thick compositionally diverse lavas that filled the caldera after subsidence, remnants of the original topographic caldera rim, widespread erosional exposure of caldera-floor features, and postcaldera granitic intrusions that generated a notably steep resurgent dome within the caldera. This geologic map database is accompanied by a report, which includes the formatted geologic map and explanatory pamphlet, available at https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3394. The authors ask that users of the geologic map database cite both the database and the report: Report: Lipman, P.W., 2020, Geologic map of the Bonanza Caldera Area, northeastern San Juan Mountains, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3394, pamphlet 73 p., 2 sheets, scale 1:50,000, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3394. Database: Joel E. Robinson, and Peter W. Lipman, 2020, Database for the Geologic Map of the Bonanza Caldera Area, Northeastern San Juan Mountains, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey, https://doi.org/10.5066/P911OL4Q.

Natural abundance nitrate isotopes from Rifle and the East River Watershed, Colorado (ess_dive, 2020)
This data package provides data on the natural abundance isotopes of nitrate from various sources, including porewater, stream, and precipitation. The overall purpose of this data package is to complement additional data streams for nitrogen cycling metrics (e.g., riverine inorganic and organic nitrogen measurements) with specific data gleaned from the interpretation of terrestrial and riverine isotope measurements and collectively understand on how nitrogen is cycled around this system. The Rifle and East River are part of the Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area (WFSFA) located in the Upper Colorado River Basin, United States. Collection locations include: Pumphouse (multiple sampling dates), River (upstream/ downstream meander C), Shallow soil lysimeters (hillslope, toeslope, floodplain), Hillslope-floodplain borehole wells (i.e., Pumphouse Lower Montane (PLM) wells), and Potassium chloride(KCL)-extracted soil samples. Copper Creek sampling includes 8x river sample points and two tributaries sampled on Sept. Oct. 2017, July 2018. East River below the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory sampling includes 1 access point sampled on July, Sept. Oct. 2017. Rifle floodplain sampling includes well TT03 across multiple collection times over 2014. Data is provided in 5 individual files by location in csv format, or all compiled in Excel format.

Data release for Geologic Map of the Homestake Reservoir 7.5' quadrangle, Lake, Pitkin, and Eagle Counties, Colorado - Chester A Ruleman (other, 2020)
The Homestake Reservoir 7.5' quadrangle lies at the northwestern end of the Upper Arkansas Valley, and headwaters of the Arkansas River, and the Roaring Fork, Fryingpan, and Eagle Rivers of the Colorado River system. The quadrangle lies within tectonic provinces of the 1.4 Ga Picuris Orogeny, the late Paleozoic Ancestral Rockies, Late Cretaceous-Paleocene Laramide orogeny, Oligocene to Miocene, and Pliocene?, volcanism, and Miocene to the present Rio Grande rift extensional tectonics. In the eastern half of the quadrangle, high-angle, east-dipping, Neogene normal faults displace Proterozoic rocks, and locally Mio-Pliocene? volcanic rocks. Many quartz veins and hydrothermally altered zones are exposed along the eastern flank of the [...]

ASO L4 Lidar Point Cloud Digital Terrain Model 3m UTM Grid, Version 1 - Kat Bormann; Thomas Painter (other, 2020)

Daymet: Daily Surface Weather Data on a 1-km Grid for North America, Version 4 - R. Shrestha; Y. Wei; M.M. Thornton; P.E. Thornton; S-C. Kao (other, 2020)
This dataset provides Daymet Version 4 data as gridded estimates of daily weather parameters for North America, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. Daymet variables include the following parameters: minimum temperature, maximum temperature, precipitation, shortwave radiation, vapor pressure, snow water equivalent, and day length. The dataset covers the period from January 1, 1980, to December 31 (or December 30 in leap years) of the most recent full calendar year for the Continental North America and Hawaii spatial regions. Data for Puerto Rico is available starting in 1950. Each subsequent year is processed individually at the close of a calendar year. Daymet variables are provided as individual files, by variable and year, at a 1 km x 1 km spatial resolution and a daily temporal resolution. Areas of Hawaii and Puerto Rico are available as files separate from the continental North America. Data are in a North America Lambert Conformal Conic projection and are distributed in a standardized Climate and Forecast (CF)-compliant netCDF file format.

Turbulence dissipation rate estimated from Doppler Lidar measurements during LAPSE-RATE (other, 2020)
This dataset includes turbulence dissipation rate estimated from the University of Colorado Windcube v1 lidars and the University of Oklahoma Halo Streamline scanning Doppler Lidar during the 2018 LAPSE-RATE (Lower Atmospheric Profiling Studies at Elevation - a Remotely-piloted Aircraft Team Experiment) field campaign.This campaign took place in the San Luis Valley of Colorado between 14-21 July, 2018. On 14 July, both Windcube lidars were co-located at the Saguache site for intercomparison. WC49 (here named DPLR2) was moved to the Moffat School site late in the day on the 14th, where the Halo Streamline was deployed. Bad or missing data is set to -9999.9 for variable fields.

Water Level Data from Wells PLM1 and PLM6 for the East River Watershed, Colorado (ess_dive, 2020)
This data set contains water level data for the PLM1 and PLM6 wells. PLM1 and PLM6 are location identifiers used by the Watershed Function SFA project for two groundwater monitoring wells along an elevation gradient located along the lower montane life zone of a hillslope near the Pumphouse location. These wells used to monitor subsurface water and carbon inventories and fluxes at the East River Watershed, Colorado, USA. Complete metadata information on the PLM1 and PLM6 wells are available in the related data package reference Varadharajan C, et al (2020). https://doi.org/10.15485/1660962. Data are reported in .csv files per well. The latitude and longitude of each location are given in a file called locations.csv. These data are used for determining the seasonally dependent flow of groundwater under the PLM hillslope. The downslope flow of groundwater in combination with data on groundwater chemistry can be used to estimate rates of solute export from the hillslope to the floodplain and river. These data products are part of the Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area collection effort to further scientific understanding of biogeochemical dynamics from genome to watershed scales.

Turbulence dissipation rate estimated from Doppler Lidar measurements during LAPSE-RATE (other, 2020)
This dataset includes turbulence dissipation rate estimated from the University of Colorado Windcube v1 lidars and the University of Oklahoma Halo Streamline scanning Doppler Lidar during the 2018 LAPSE-RATE (Lower Atmospheric Profiling Studies at Elevation - a Remotely-piloted Aircraft Team Experiment) field campaign.This campaign took place in the San Luis Valley of Colorado between 14-21 July, 2018. On 14 July, both Windcube lidars were co-located at the Saguache site for intercomparison. WC49 (here named DPLR2) was moved to the Moffat School site late in the day on the 14th, where the Halo Streamline was deployed. Bad or missing data is set to -9999.9 for variable fields.

Natural abundance nitrate isotopes from Rifle and the East River Watershed, Colorado (ess_dive, 2020)
This data package provides data on the natural abundance isotopes of nitrate from various sources, including porewater, stream, and precipitation. The overall purpose of this data package is to complement additional data streams for nitrogen cycling metrics (e.g., riverine inorganic and organic nitrogen measurements) with specific data gleaned from the interpretation of terrestrial and riverine isotope measurements and collectively understand on how nitrogen is cycled around this system. The Rifle and East River are part of the Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area (WFSFA) located in the Upper Colorado River Basin, United States. Collection locations include: Pumphouse (multiple sampling dates), River (upstream/ downstream meander C), Shallow soil lysimeters (hillslope, toeslope, floodplain), Hillslope-floodplain borehole wells (i.e., Pumphouse Lower Montane (PLM) wells), and Potassium chloride(KCL)-extracted soil samples. Copper Creek sampling includes 8x river sample points and two tributaries sampled on Sept. Oct. 2017, July 2018. East River below the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory sampling includes 1 access point sampled on July, Sept. Oct. 2017. Rifle floodplain sampling includes well TT03 across multiple collection times over 2014. Data is provided in 5 individual files by location in csv format, or all compiled in Excel format.

Post survey report for AOP Assignable Asset collection of Crested Butte, CO (ess_dive, 2020)
This report contains details of the National Ecological Observatory Network Airborne Observation Platform (NEON AOP) assignable asset (AA) flight over Crested Butte, Colorado (CO). The report is being prepared for Lawrence Berkeley National Lab (LBNL), the primary clients for the flights who contracted the NEON AOP for flights during June 2018. The report includes a summary of the acquired flight lines over the planned area, results of calibration surveys, and quality assurance (QA) results of the acquired data. Detailed reports on the acquired data and processing results were also delivered with the data. LBNL contracted the AA NEON AOP flights to observe watersheds of interest at Crested Butte with remotely sensed data including high resolution LiDAR, imaging spectroscopy, and high-resolution camera imagery. The remote sensing imagery acquired by the AOP intendeds to support LBNL on an interdisciplinary project on hydrology, biogeochemistry, and ecosystem functioning in the area surrounding the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory (RMBL), one of the most prominent ecological study sites in the United States.

Data supplementing Lichtenberg et al. (2020) Competition for nectar resources does not affect bee foraging tactic constancy. Ecological Entomology - R. E. Irwin (other, 2020)
This dataset contains data and scripts that supplement the publication Lichtenberg et al. (2020) Competition for nectar resources does not affect bee foraging tactic constancy. Ecological Entomology. DOI: 10.1111/een.12866 Please cite the above article if you use any of the included data or code.

Digital subsurface data of Paleozoic rocks in the Upper Colorado River Basin in Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico from USGS Regional Aquifer System Analysis (other, 2020)
The Upper Colorado River Basin has a drainage area of about 113,500 square miles in western Colorado, eastern Utah, southwestern Wyoming, northeastern Arizona, and northwestern New Mexico. In the 1980?s and 1990?s, the Upper Colorado River Basin was a study area under of the U.S. Geological Survey's Regional Aquifer-System Analysis (RASA) program (Sun and Johnston, 1994; Sun and Weeks, 1991). The objectives of the RASA program for the Upper Colorado River Basin were to provide regional assessments of major aquifer systems by providing quantitative assessments of the occurrence, movement, and availability of water stored in rock formations that underlie the basin/watershed. These assessments included: (1) the classification of stratigraphic sequences into those intervals that constitute aquifers and those that constitute confining beds; and (2) the generation of maps that portrayed the areal extent of aquifers, aquifer thickness, and overburden thickness. These studies generated a large body of subsurface geologic information as part of the regional aquifer analyses, some of which are captured in this digital data release. Aquifer systems in consolidated rocks in the Upper Colorado River Basin have been grouped into three major subdivisions of sedimentary rocks; in descending order: (1) Tertiary-rock aquifers, (2) Mesozoic-rock aquifers, and (3) Paleozoic-rock aquifers (Taylor and others, 1983; 1986). Within each aquifer group, rocks are further divided into aquifers and confining units on the basis of lithology, depositional environment, and hydrologic characteristics (Glover and others, 1998; Freethy and Cordy, 1991; Geldon, 2003). In a report describing consolidated-rock aquifers of Paleozoic age, 7 hydrostratigraphic units were defined, four aquifers and three confining units (Geldon, 2003). The hydrostratigraphic units of Paleozoic age are locally exposed around the margins of uplifts and in deeply-incised canyon; they occur widely in the subsurface of the Upper Colorado River Basin study area, except in parts of the Uinta, Wind River, and Uncompahgre uplifts where they have been removed by erosion. These hydrostratigraphic units are part of the stratigraphic sequence of Paleozoic rocks that has a total thickness of more than 5,000 ft. This digital dataset contains spatial datasets corresponding to the contoured subsurface maps of Paleozoic rock units produced by the U.S. Geological Survey's Regional Aquifer-System Analysis (RASA) of the Upper Colorado River Basin (Geldon, 2003). The data define the thickness, extent, nomenclature, and facies characteristics of principal hydrostratigraphic units of Paleozoic age in the basin. The digital data describe the following hydrostratigraphic units: the Flathead aquifer, the Gros Ventre confining unit, the Bighorn aquifer, the Elbert-Parting confining unit, the Madison aquifer (consisting of two zones, the Redwall-Leadville zone, and the Darwin-Humbug zone), the Four Corners confining unit (consisting of the Belden-Molas subunit and the Paradox-Eagle Valley subunit), and the Canyonlands aquifer (consisting of three zones, the Cutler-Maroon zone, the Weber-de Chelly zone, and the Park City-State Bridge zone). Contoured thickness and lithology data for each unit are contained in line features classes within a geodatabase; unit extents, facies extents, and formation nomenclatural extents are represented as polygon feature classes. Both types of data are also saved as individual shapefiles. Nonspatial tables define the data sources used, terminology, and the stacking hierarchy and component geologic formations of each the of hydrostratigraphic units.

Water Level Data from Wells PLM1 and PLM6 for the East River Watershed, Colorado (ess_dive, 2020)
This data set contains water level data for the PLM1 and PLM6 wells. PLM1 and PLM6 are location identifiers used by the Watershed Function SFA project for two groundwater monitoring wells along an elevation gradient located along the lower montane life zone of a hillslope near the Pumphouse location. These wells used to monitor subsurface water and carbon inventories and fluxes at the East River Watershed, Colorado, USA. Complete metadata information on the PLM1 and PLM6 wells are available in the related data package reference Varadharajan C, et al (2020). https://doi.org/10.15485/1660962. Data are reported in .csv files per well. The latitude and longitude of each location are given in a file called locations.csv. These data are used for determining the seasonally dependent flow of groundwater under the PLM hillslope. The downslope flow of groundwater in combination with data on groundwater chemistry can be used to estimate rates of solute export from the hillslope to the floodplain and river. These data products are part of the Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area collection effort to further scientific understanding of biogeochemical dynamics from genome to watershed scales.

Hybrid predictive modeling approach simulated evapotranspiration and ecosystem respiration data (ess_dive, 2020)
This dataset includes measured data used for developing hybrid-predictive-modeling (HPM) approach and simulated evapotranspiration and ecosystem respiration data across several Fluxnet sites, SNOTEL sites and East River locations (Chen et al., 2020 in review). Fluxnet sites considered in this study include: CA-OAS, CA-OBS, US-NR1, US-TON, US-VAR, US-SRM, US-WHS, US-WKG. Snotel sites Butte (ER-BT), Porphyry Creek (ER-PK) and Schofield Pass (ER-SP) are included as well 16 east river locations with different vegetation types denoted by evergreen forests (EF), deciduous forests (DF), riparian shrublands (RS) and meadow grassland (MS). This data package includes: 1) A summary spread sheet of the sites and acronyms for data variables. 2) Processed Fluxnet datasets that are obtained from Fluxnet.fluxdata.org with HPM estimated evapotranspiration (ET) and ecosystem respiration (RECO). Trained models and metrics for parameters for the Fluxnet sites were added in an update on November 2, 2020; 3) Processed SNOTEL datasets obtained from www.nrcs.usda.gov/snow/ and HPM estimated ET and RECO; 4) Weather data at east river locations obtained from DAYMET (daymet.ornl.gov) as well as HPM estimated ET and RECO. NDVI datasets are obtained from Landsat 5, 7 and 8 on Google Earth Engine platform. Detailed QA/QC and sampling methods of measured data are available at the original data source.

Hydrologic monitoring data - Lyndsay B Ball (other, 2020)
Boreholes were drilled in 2017 and 2018 in Redwell Basin, a headwater catchment underlain by hydrothermally altered sedimentary rock in the Elk Mountains near the town of Crested Butte, Colorado. Two boreholes were completed as vertically discrete nested monitoring wells (MW1 as MW1A-MW1D and MW2.1 as MW2.1A-MW2.1C) and one borehole was completed as a single monitoring well (MW2 as RP8). Site locations and well construction are documented under the main page of this data release. Absolute (non-vented) pressure and temperature data loggers (PTDs) were deployed in these wells to monitor groundwater levels and fluid temperature over time. The period of record covers August 2018-September 2019 for all wells; the period of record for MW1D [...]

MuSLI Multi-Source Land Surface Phenology Yearly North America 30 m V001 - Mark Friedl (other, 2020)

RMBL Digitized Herbarium Records - C. F. Williams (other, 2020)
Vascular Plants curated within the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory Herbarium. Specimens date to 1929 and are primarily from the East River and upper Gunnison basin.

Changing climate drives divergent and nonlinear shifts in flowering phenology across elevations - Nicole E. Rafferty (other, 2020)

Data from: Foraging efficiency and size matching in a plant – pollinator community: the importance of sugar content and tongue length - M. Stang; Saskia G.T. Klumpers; Peter G.L. Klinkhamer (other, 2020)
A longstanding question in ecology is how species interactions are structured within communities. Although evolutionary theory predicts close size matching between floral nectar tube depth and pollinator proboscis length of interacting species, such size matching has seldom been shown and explained in multispecies assemblages. Here, we investigated the degree of size matching among Asteraceae and their pollinators and its relationship with foraging efficiency. The majority of pollinators, especially Hymenoptera, choose plant species on which they had high foraging efficiencies. When proboscides were shorter than nectar tubes, foraging efficiency rapidly decreased because of increased handling time. When proboscides were longer than nectar tubes, a decreased nectar reward rather than an increased handling time made shallow flowers more inefficient to visit. Altogether, this led to close size matching. Overall, our results show the importance of nectar reward and handling time as drivers of plant – pollinator network structure.

NEON AOP Survey of Upper East River CO Watersheds: LAZ Files, LiDAR Surface Elevation, Terrain Elevation, and Canopy Height Rasters (2020)
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) contracted the National Ecological Observatory Network Airborne Observation Platform (NEON AOP) to observe watersheds of interest surrounding Crested Butte, CO with remotely sensed data, including LiDAR. The flight box design encompassed the watersheds, surveying a total area of 334 km2 across 72 lines. The instrument used was an Optech Gemini, with a pulse density of 2-9 pulses m-2 across the study area (see final report document for detailed information). These LiDAR data are the primary data that were provided by NEON including LAZ files of a classified point cloud, and geotifs of a digital surface elevation model, digital terrain elevation model, and a canopy height model at 1 m resolution with a height threshold of > 2 m. Raster files can also be found on Google Earth Engine: https://code.earthengine.google.com/5c96bbc96ffd50e3c8b1433b34a0bb86.

Coronavirus testing indicates transmission risk increases along wildlife supply chains for human consumption in Viet Nam, 2013-2014 (2020)
Outbreaks of emerging coronaviruses in the past two decades and the current pandemic of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that emerged in China highlight the importance of this viral family as a zoonotic public health threat. To gain a better understanding of coronavirus presence and diversity in wildlife at wildlife-human interfaces in three southern provinces in Viet Nam 2013-2014, we used consensus Polymerase Chain Reactions to detect coronavirus sequences. In comparison to previous studies, we observed high proportions of positive samples among field rats (34.0%, 239/702) destined for human consumption and insectivorous bats in guano farms (74.8%, 234/313) adjacent to human dwellings. Most notably among field rats, the odds of coronavirus RNA detection significantly increased along the supply chain from field rats sold by traders (reference group; 20.7% positivity, 39/188) by a factor of 2.2 for field rats sold in large markets (32.0%, 116/363) and 10.0 for field rats sold and served in restaurants (55.6%, 84/151). Coronaviruses were also detected in rodents on the majority of wildlife farms sampled (60.7%, 17/28). These coronaviruses were found in the Malayan porcupines (6.0%, 20/331) and bamboo rats (6.3%, 6/96) that are raised on wildlife farms for human consumption as food. We identified six known coronaviruses in bats and rodents, clustered in three Coronaviridae genera, including the Alpha-, Beta-, and Gammacoronaviruses. Our analysis also suggested either mixing of animal excreta in the environment or interspecies transmission of coronaviruses, as both bat and avian coronaviruses were detected in rodent feces on wildlife farms. The mixing of multiple coronaviruses, and their apparent amplification along the wildlife supply chain into restaurants, suggests maximal risk for end consumers and likely underpins the mechanisms of zoonotic spillover to people. PREDICT data associated with event, sample, specimen, test, and sequence result finding were collected on paper field forms, project-standardized excel templates, or online forms and uploaded in the EIDITH database. EIDITH helped clean and curate this data and provided an extract on 23 March, 2020 of the dataset with fields used in this publication. Column name    Field description Country    Country SiteName    The name of the site where the samples were collected District    District within Vietnam StateProv    Province within Vietnam SiteLatitude    Site latitude rounded up to 2 decimal places  SiteLongitude    Site longitude rounded up to 2 decimal places  EventName    Generated as sitename + event date DomesticAnimals    List of domestic and other animals observed at a site (if observed if not blank) AnimalID    Country defined animal ID TaxaGroup    Taxonomic description of the animal sampled 4 categories (Bats, Carnivores, Non-human Primates, Rodents & Shrews) SpeciesScientificName    The scientific name of the animal sampled. If complete genus species is unknown, this will be the next known level of taxonomic classification (i.e. genus, subfamily, family) CommonName    The english common name of the animal sampled. If the complete geenus species is unknown, the english name will be set to Unidentified long-fingered bat in the Miniopterus genus, as an example for Miniopterus sp.. CommonNameFieldMorphology    When an animal is barcoded this is set to the species_scientific_name as defined in the field before the species_scientific_name is updated with the barcoding results. If the barcoding test did not result in a species identification or the animal was not barcoded, this field will be left blank. IDCertainty    If the animal was barcoded, the certainty corresponds to the barcoding results and indicates the percent of sequence match. For animals not barcoded, the certainty is based on the field team's confidence in the species identification. Order    Taxonomic order Family     Taxonomic family (if known) Genus Taxonomic genus (if known) SampleDate    The date the animal was sampled in the field MM/DD/YY SpecimenID    The text value of the ID of the specimen, which matches the label on the physical specimen. SpecimenType    The type of specimen collected TestType    The type of PCR that the PCR was performed for TestRequested    The viral family that the PCR was performed for TestRequestedProtocol    The testing assay used to perform the PCR test ConfirmationResult    The confirmation test result (Negative or Positive) Sequence    The genetic sequence (if positive otherwise NULL) GenbankAccessionNumber    The Genbank accession number (if positive otherwise NULL) Virus    Which viruses were associated with each specimen x test combination (if positive otherwise NULL) - long version VirusGroup    Which viruses were associated with each specimen x test combination (if positive otherwise NULL) - short version

Kinetics Data of Iron(II), Manganese(II), Dissolved Organic Carbon and Nitrate from Batch Incubation Experiments Using Hyporheic Sediments from the East River Watershed, Colorado. (ess_dive, 2020)
Hyporheic zones act as critical ecological links between terrestrial and aquatic systems where redox-sensitive metals of iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) significantly impact nutrient cycling and water quality. In order to understand the production, release and speciation of Fe(II) and Mn(II) in groundwater, we conducted batch incubation experiments using sediment samples from a hyporheic zone of the East River floodplain in Colorado. The East River is part of the Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area (WFSFA) located in the Upper Colorado River Basin, United States. Collection and processing of the data is described in the Methods, along with details of data file contents. There are 6 data files provided in two formats: 1 zip-folder of .csv (open source) files, and 1 zip-folder of .xlsx (Excel) files. The data tables provided in the two formats are the exact same.

Kinetics Data of Iron(II), Manganese(II), Dissolved Organic Carbon and Nitrate from Batch Incubation Experiments Using Hyporheic Sediments from the East River Watershed, Colorado. - Amrita Bhattacharyya; Amrita Bhattacharyya; Amrita Bhattacharyya; Wenming Dong; P. M. Fox; Wenming Dong; P. M. Fox; P. Nico; P. Nico; P. M. Fox; Wenming Dong; Markus Bill; et al. (ess_dive, 2020)
Hyporheic zones act as critical ecological links between terrestrial and aquatic systems where redox-sensitive metals of iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) significantly impact nutrient cycling and water quality. In order to understand the production, release and speciation of Fe(II) and Mn(II) in groundwater, we conducted batch incubation experiments using sediment samples from a hyporheic zone of the East River floodplain in Colorado. The East River is part of the Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area (WFSFA) located in the Upper Colorado River Basin, United States. Collection and processing of the data is described in the Methods, along with details of data file contents. There are 6 data files provided in two formats: 1 zip-folder of .csv (open source) files, and 1 zip-folder of .xlsx (Excel) files. The data tables provided in the two formats are the exact same.

Plant composition data from 67 grassland sites of the Upper Gunnison Basin, CO, USA, 2014 - Melanie R Kazenel; Stephanie N. Kivlin; Jennifer A. Rudgers; J. S. Lynn (other, 2020)
Here, we deposit data from a vegetation survey conducted in 2014. The data was collected to document current vegetation patterns in the region, parameterize species distribution models, and assess community turnover in flower color. The survey was conducted in the Upper Gunnison Basin and the environs around the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, CO, USA, spanning an elevation gradient from 2700-4000m above sea level. Data were acquired through visual estimates of percent cover of species within replicate quadrats in a site. We include information scraped from the USDA Plants Database (https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/java/) on species lifeform, life history, and invasive status.

The Importance of Interflow to Groundwater Recharge in a Snowmelt-Dominated, Alpine Watershed, Geophysical Research Letters: Modeling and Data Package (ess_dive, 2020)
This data package contains hydrologic modeling input and output files for the East River (ER_PRMS.zip) and Copper Creek (CC_GSFLOW.zip) for water years 1987 to 2018. These data were used to generate simulated results published in Geophysical Research Letters (Carroll et al., 2019) describing the importance of interflow in generating groundwater recharge in the upper subalpine. The East River and Copper Creek are part of the Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area (WFSFA) located in the Upper Colorado River Basin, United States. The hydrologic model uses the U.S. Geological Survey coupled groundwater and surface water flow model (GSFLOW). Input and output files are askii format, while the model executable (gsflow.exe), source code, example problems and documentation describing model files is provided at the following U.S. Geological Survey website. https://www.usgs.gov/software/coupled-ground-water-and-surface-water-flow-model-gsflow. GSFLOW executables are compiled for either Microsoft Windows or Linux operating systems.

The Importance of Interflow to Groundwater Recharge in a Snowmelt-Dominated, Alpine Watershed, Geophysical Research Letters: Modeling and Data Package (ess_dive, 2020)
This data package contains hydrologic modeling input and output files for the East River (ER_PRMS.zip) and Copper Creek (CC_GSFLOW.zip) for water years 1987 to 2018. These data were used to generate simulated results published in Geophysical Research Letters (Carroll et al., 2019) describing the importance of interflow in generating groundwater recharge in the upper subalpine. The East River and Copper Creek are part of the Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area (WFSFA) located in the Upper Colorado River Basin, United States. The hydrologic model uses the U.S. Geological Survey coupled groundwater and surface water flow model (GSFLOW). Input and output files are askii format, while the model executable (gsflow.exe), source code, example problems and documentation describing model files is provided at the following U.S. Geological Survey website. https://www.usgs.gov/software/coupled-ground-water-and-surface-water-flow-model-gsflow. GSFLOW executables are compiled for either Microsoft Windows or Linux operating systems.

Differential concentration discharge for the upper and lower reaches of the East River Watershed, Colorado (ess_dive, 2020)
This dataset captures the difference in concentration over the difference in discharge across upper and lower reaches of the East River watershed for 2015 and 2016 water years. The East River is part of the Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area (WFSFA) located in the Upper Colorado River Basin, United States. Herein, the upper reach is defined as the segment between EAQ (East Above Quigley) and EBC (East Below Copper), and the lower reach is defined as the segment between EBC and PH (Pump House). The overall purpose of the dataset is to provide a better accounting of the gains, losses or fractional solute turnover between sampling stations. Compiled data for the two segments (EAQ to EBC and EBC to PH) are provided in two Excel files, and the same data are provided in csv format in the corresponding zip files.

Life histories of the perennial geophyte Erythronium grandiflorum (Liliaceae) in Colorado subalpine transplant garden from annual measurements, 1991 onward - J. D. Thomson (other, 2020)
In an outdoor garden at Irwin, Colorado, we established glacier lily plants in open-bottomed PVC pots that protected them from gopher attack. The initial cohorts were excavated from field sites as mature corms of unknown age. Later cohorts were grown from seed, so their ages are known. Each spring since 1991, we have noted fruit and flower production. In August, after the aboveground parts have died back, we exhume the plants, wash off the soil, weigh the corms, characterize their morphology, photograph them, and replant them. If a corm splits, we replant the pieces in separate pots. The study is ongoing, with 264 plants in 2019. Main findings through 2020: plants produce 0-4 flowers per year, depending on size; most plants flower each year; death is rare, with many plants having survived the entire study; setting a fruit reduces corm substantially (cost of reproduction); plants appear to regulate weight by adjusting flower production, and by splitting; genotypes vary in splitting propensity. Oddly, mortality is higher in very large corms than in mid-sized ones. Evidence for senescence is scant.

Differential concentration discharge for the upper and lower reaches of the East River Watershed, Colorado (ess_dive, 2020)
This dataset captures the difference in concentration over the difference in discharge across upper and lower reaches of the East River watershed for 2015 and 2016 water years. The East River is part of the Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area (WFSFA) located in the Upper Colorado River Basin, United States. Herein, the upper reach is defined as the segment between EAQ (East Above Quigley) and EBC (East Below Copper), and the lower reach is defined as the segment between EBC and PH (Pump House). The overall purpose of the dataset is to provide a better accounting of the gains, losses or fractional solute turnover between sampling stations. Compiled data for the two segments (EAQ to EBC and EBC to PH) are provided in two Excel files, and the same data are provided in csv format in the corresponding zip files.

Conifer water use patterns in the East River Watershed, Colorado US, based on stable water isotopes and cellulose isotopes (ess_dive, 2020)
This data package contains a series of datasets aimed at understanding the seasonal origins of water used by the dominant conifer species, Abies lasiocarpa and Picea engelmannii, in the East River Watershed. There is a distinct difference in the stable isotopic ratio of summer rain and snowpack and thus by tracking the isotopic ratio of the xylem water in trees, it is possible to separate when a tree is using snow vs. summer rain. Following typical protocols, we sampled and extracted water from soils in the "Research Meadow" near Gothic, CO within the East River Watershed through the 2016 growing season. The stable isotopic ratio of these waters were then measured. Using values of the isotopic ratio of precipitation and snowpack from that season, we develop a mixing model to show how the trees transitioned from use of snowpack to summer in late July. We extended the information on the seasonal origins of water from 2016 back until 1980 by using measurements of the isotopic ratio of cellulose from trees in the Research Meadow. The isotopic ratio of tree ring cellulose records a signal both of the Vapor Pressure Deficit at the leaf-atmosphere boundary and also the source water for the trees. We concluded from this extended analysis that the trees underwent transitions between periods where snow was the dominant water source and summer rain was the dominant water source. More details on this analysis can be found in the publication: Persistence and Plasticity in Conifer Water Use Strategies. JGR Biogeoscience. DOI 10.1029/2018JG004845. The dataset specifically includes stable isotope measurements of xylem and soil water for Spruce and Fir trees at the Rocky Mountain Biological Lab's Research Meadow as well as snowpack and precipitation stable isotopes from nearby National Atmospheric Deposition Program sites. Associated meteorological data is included, which is needed to understand the source water for the trees based on the cellulose measurements. This dataset was updated in June 2021 also include intra-ring measurements of the d18O and d13C of cellulose these same species of trees at the Ziegler Reservoir site in Snowmass, CO. These are listed as files: "Interglaciald18OCellulose.csv", "Interglaciald13OCellulose.csv" and "Modernd13CCellulose.csv". The intent of these measurements was to assess whether common conifers (abies and picea) had undergone ecophysiological or ecohydrological changes during the last period in Earth's history was warmer than today, i.e. the last Interglacial (116,000 to 130,000 years ago). This site was chosen because it is a location where subfossil wood from this critical warm period was discovered. We measured the d18O and d13C of the subfossil trees following the same protocol as the modern samples which included chemical extraction of cellulose and isotope ratio mass spectrometry. We found that the trees showed little difference in water use efficiency but utilized more summer rain during the interglacial period. This analysis and detailed methods are provided in the following manuscript: Wetter summers mitigated temperature stress on Rocky Mountain forests during the last interglacial warm period which is in revision at GRL but is available as a preprint here: 10.1002/essoar.10506740.2

Data from: Lifetime fitness, sex-specific life history, and the maintenance of a polyphenism - Christopher Eden; Nicole Gerlanc; Michael P. Moore; Morgan Geile; A. C. R. Lackey; J. Doyle; Ashley Hagan; H. H. Whiteman (other, 2020)
Polyphenisms, alternative morphs produced through plasticity, can reveal the evolutionary and ecological processes that initiate and maintain diversity within populations. We examined lifetime fitness consequences of two morphs in a polyphenic population of Arizona Tiger Salamanders using a 27-year data set with 1,317 adults and 6,862 captures across eight generations. Larval salamanders develop into either an aquatic paedomorph that retains larval traits and stays in its natal pond or a terrestrial metamorph that undergoes metamorphosis. To evaluate the adaptive significance of this polyphenism, we compared lifetime reproductive success of each morph and assessed how life history strategies and spatiotemporal variation explained fitness. We found sex-specific differences in lifetime fitness between morphs. For males, paedomorphs had more reproductive opportunities than metamorphs when we accounted for the potential mating advantage of larger males. For females, in contrast, metamorphs had higher estimated egg production than paedomorphs. Life history strategies differed between morphs largely because the morphs maximize different ends of the trade-off between age at first reproduction and longevity. Spatiotemporal variation affected larval more than adult life history traits with little to no effect on lifetime fitness. Thus, environmental variation likely explains differences in morph production across time and space but contributes little to lifetime fitness differences between morphs and sexes. Our long-term study and measures of lifetime fitness provide unique insight into the complex selective regimes potentially acting on each morph and sex. Our findings motivate future work to examine how sex-specific selection may contribute to the maintenance of polyphenism.

Hydrologic Model Files (PRMS) for Historical Conditions in the East River Watershed, Colorado between 1987-2019 (ess_dive, 2020)
The data package contains model input and output file for the East River watershed (85 km2) located in the headwaters of the Colorado River. The model is the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Precipitation-Modeling Runoff System (PRMS) for the historical, or baseline, condition (1987-2019) to assess the efficiency of summer monsoon rains to generate streamflow. The finite difference grid resolution is 100 m with elevations resampled from the USGS National Elevation Dataset. LANDFIRE raster data is used to derive parameters of dominant cover type, summer and winter cover density, canopy interception characteristics for snow and rain and transmission coefficient for shortwave radiation. Climate forcing uses minimum and maximum daily temperature lapse rates defined by the two Snow Telemetry (SNOTEL) stations located in the vicinity of the East River adjusted for aspect. Schofield SNOTEL snowfall is spatially distributed using LiDAR derived snow depth observations from the Airborne Snow Observatory (ASO) flown 4 April 2016. Snow depths are converted to snow water equivalent based on ground surveys and density modeling. Rainfall is spatially distributed using the monthly Parameter-elevation Relationships on Independent Slopes Model 30-year monthly averages. Simulated solar radiation is calibrated to match weather station observations. Model verification of snow water equivalent (SWE) accumulation and ablation relies on the 2018 and 2019 ASO maps and weather station snow depth. The data package contains model input files in text format, model documentation in pfd and a readme.txt file to help users understand the file structure to run the program.

Conifer water use patterns in the East River Watershed, Colorado US, based on stable water isotopes and cellulose isotopes (ess_dive, 2020)
This data package contains a series of datasets aimed at understanding the seasonal origins of water used by the dominant conifer species, Abies lasiocarpa and Picea engelmannii, in the East River Watershed. There is a distinct difference in the stable isotopic ratio of summer rain and snowpack and thus by tracking the isotopic ratio of the xylem water in trees, it is possible to separate when a tree is using snow vs. summer rain. Following typical protocols, we sampled and extracted water from soils in the "Research Meadow" near Gothic, CO within the East River Watershed through the 2016 growing season. The stable isotopic ratio of these waters were then measured. Using values of the isotopic ratio of precipitation and snowpack from that season, we develop a mixing model to show how the trees transitioned from use of snowpack to summer in late July. We extended the information on the seasonal origins of water from 2016 back until 1980 by using measurements of the isotopic ratio of cellulose from trees in the Research Meadow. The isotopic ratio of tree ring cellulose records a signal both of the Vapor Pressure Deficit at the leaf-atmosphere boundary and also the source water for the trees. We concluded from this extended analysis that the trees underwent transitions between periods where snow was the dominant water source and summer rain was the dominant water source. More details on this analysis can be found in the publication: Persistence and Plasticity in Conifer Water Use Strategies. JGR Biogeoscience. DOI 10.1029/2018JG004845. The dataset specifically includes stable isotope measurements of xylem and soil water for Spruce and Fir trees at the Rocky Mountain Biological Lab's Research Meadow as well as snowpack and precipitation stable isotopes from nearby National Atmospheric Deposition Program sites. Associated meteorological data is included, which is needed to understand the source water for the trees based on the cellulose measurements. This dataset was updated in June 2021 also include intra-ring measurements of the d18O and d13C of cellulose these same species of trees at the Ziegler Reservoir site in Snowmass, CO. These are listed as files: "Interglaciald18OCellulose.csv", "Interglaciald13OCellulose.csv" and "Modernd13CCellulose.csv". The intent of these measurements was to assess whether common conifers (abies and picea) had undergone ecophysiological or ecohydrological changes during the last period in Earth's history was warmer than today, i.e. the last Interglacial (116,000 to 130,000 years ago). This site was chosen because it is a location where subfossil wood from this critical warm period was discovered. We measured the d18O and d13C of the subfossil trees following the same protocol as the modern samples which included chemical extraction of cellulose and isotope ratio mass spectrometry. We found that the trees showed little difference in water use efficiency but utilized more summer rain during the interglacial period. This analysis and detailed methods are provided in the following manuscript: Wetter summers mitigated temperature stress on Rocky Mountain forests during the last interglacial warm period which is in revision at GRL but is available as a preprint here: 10.1002/essoar.10506740.2

Hydrologic Model Files (PRMS) for Historical Conditions in the East River Watershed, Colorado between 1987-2019 (ess_dive, 2020)
The data package contains model input and output file for the East River watershed (85 km2) located in the headwaters of the Colorado River. The model is the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Precipitation-Modeling Runoff System (PRMS) for the historical, or baseline, condition (1987-2019) to assess the efficiency of summer monsoon rains to generate streamflow. The finite difference grid resolution is 100 m with elevations resampled from the USGS National Elevation Dataset. LANDFIRE raster data is used to derive parameters of dominant cover type, summer and winter cover density, canopy interception characteristics for snow and rain and transmission coefficient for shortwave radiation. Climate forcing uses minimum and maximum daily temperature lapse rates defined by the two Snow Telemetry (SNOTEL) stations located in the vicinity of the East River adjusted for aspect. Schofield SNOTEL snowfall is spatially distributed using LiDAR derived snow depth observations from the Airborne Snow Observatory (ASO) flown 4 April 2016. Snow depths are converted to snow water equivalent based on ground surveys and density modeling. Rainfall is spatially distributed using the monthly Parameter-elevation Relationships on Independent Slopes Model 30-year monthly averages. Simulated solar radiation is calibrated to match weather station observations. Model verification of snow water equivalent (SWE) accumulation and ablation relies on the 2018 and 2019 ASO maps and weather station snow depth. The data package contains model input files in text format, model documentation in pfd and a readme.txt file to help users understand the file structure to run the program.

Hydrologic Model Files (PRMS) for Historical Conditions in the East River Watershed, Colorado between 1987-2019 (ess_dive, 2020)
The data package contains model input and output file for the East River watershed (85 km2) located in the headwaters of the Colorado River. The model is the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Precipitation-Modeling Runoff System (PRMS) for the historical, or baseline, condition (1987-2019) to assess the efficiency of summer monsoon rains to generate streamflow. The finite difference grid resolution is 100 m with elevations resampled from the USGS National Elevation Dataset. LANDFIRE raster data is used to derive parameters of dominant cover type, summer and winter cover density, canopy interception characteristics for snow and rain and transmission coefficient for shortwave radiation. Climate forcing uses minimum and maximum daily temperature lapse rates defined by the two Snow Telemetry (SNOTEL) stations located in the vicinity of the East River adjusted for aspect. Schofield SNOTEL snowfall is spatially distributed using LiDAR derived snow depth observations from the Airborne Snow Observatory (ASO) flown 4 April 2016. Snow depths are converted to snow water equivalent based on ground surveys and density modeling. Rainfall is spatially distributed using the monthly Parameter-elevation Relationships on Independent Slopes Model 30-year monthly averages. Simulated solar radiation is calibrated to match weather station observations. Model verification of snow water equivalent (SWE) accumulation and ablation relies on the 2018 and 2019 ASO maps and weather station snow depth. The data package contains model input files in text format, model documentation in pfd and a readme.txt file to help users understand the file structure to run the program.

Water Level Data from Wells PLM1 and PLM6 for the East River Watershed, Colorado (ess_dive, 2020)
This data set contains water level data for the PLM1 and PLM6 wells. PLM1 and PLM6 are location identifiers used by the Watershed Function SFA project for two groundwater monitoring wells along an elevation gradient located along the lower montane life zone of a hillslope near the Pumphouse location. These wells used to monitor subsurface water and carbon inventories and fluxes at the East River Watershed, Colorado, USA. Complete metadata information on the PLM1 and PLM6 wells are available in the related data package reference Varadharajan C, et al (2020). https://doi.org/10.15485/1660962. Data are reported in .csv files per well. The latitude and longitude of each location are given in a file called locations.csv. These data are used for determining the seasonally dependent flow of groundwater under the PLM hillslope. The downslope flow of groundwater in combination with data on groundwater chemistry can be used to estimate rates of solute export from the hillslope to the floodplain and river. These data products are part of the Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area collection effort to further scientific understanding of biogeochemical dynamics from genome to watershed scales.

Data for: The impacts of bioenergy pine plantation management practices on bee communities - Jamieson Botsch; Holly Ober; E. K. Dobbs; Andriana Miljanic; Lora Smith; Robert Fletcher; Isabel Gottlieb; Brice Lawley; David Gruenewald (other, 2020)
1. Cultivation of bioenergy feedstocks is a growing land-use worldwide, yet we have a poor understanding of how bioenergy crop management practices affect biodiversity. This knowledge gap is particularly acute for candidate cellulosic bioenergy feedstocks, such as tree plantations, and for organisms that provide important ecosystem services, such as pollinators. 2. We examined bee communities in 83 sites across three states in the southeastern USA—Alabama, Florida and Georgia. We compared bee abundance and diversity in 66 pine plantation sites that reflect management with and without potential bioenergy feedstock production. At least three bioenergy feedstock production methods have been proposed for this region: 1) converting conventional timber stands to short-rotation bioenergy plantations; 2) harvesting feedstock by thinning conventional plantations; and 3) harvesting of woody debris residues after plantations have been clear-cut. 3. We found that bioenergy-associated management practices including younger plantations (relative to older) and woody debris removal (relative to debris unremoved) in clear-cut plantations were associated with reduced bee diversity. Removing ground debris in clear-cut plantations also drastically increased bee abundance, though this effect was largely driven by strong dominance of just two bee species. Clear-cut plantations had lower beta diversity than standing plantations. 4. Synthesis and applications. Management practices associated with bioenergy feedstock production can have negative effects on bee community diversity. In particular, harvesting of debris in clear-cut plantations dramatically reduces bee diversity. Large-scale bioenergy feedstock production that increases the prevalence of young and clear-cut stands may cause landscape-level beta diversity to decline. Nevertheless, bioenergy pine plantations likely support higher bee diversity than corn fields, an alternative bioenergy feedstock.

bblonder/flir_thermal_control: Initial release - B. Blonder (other, 2020)
Initial release

Post survey report for AOP Assignable Asset collection of Crested Butte, CO (ess_dive, 2020)
This report contains details of the National Ecological Observatory Network Airborne Observation Platform (NEON AOP) assignable asset (AA) flight over Crested Butte, Colorado (CO). The report is being prepared for Lawrence Berkeley National Lab (LBNL), the primary clients for the flights who contracted the NEON AOP for flights during June 2018. The report includes a summary of the acquired flight lines over the planned area, results of calibration surveys, and quality assurance (QA) results of the acquired data. Detailed reports on the acquired data and processing results were also delivered with the data. LBNL contracted the AA NEON AOP flights to observe watersheds of interest at Crested Butte with remotely sensed data including high resolution LiDAR, imaging spectroscopy, and high-resolution camera imagery. The remote sensing imagery acquired by the AOP intendeds to support LBNL on an interdisciplinary project on hydrology, biogeochemistry, and ecosystem functioning in the area surrounding the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory (RMBL), one of the most prominent ecological study sites in the United States.

bblonder/thermal_analysis: Initial release - B. Blonder (other, 2020)
Initial release

Quality-controlled Vegetation Canopy Height Model for the Upper East River Domain - Ian K Breckheimer (s3, 2020)
This is a vegetation canopy height map from the 2018 NEON AOP dataset. It was derived from the NEON Lidar-based digital surface model and the re-processed SDP NEON DEM. Pixels with low NDVI or inside building footprints were set to a value of zero.

Conifer water use patterns in the East River Watershed, Colorado US, based on stable water isotopes and cellulose isotopes. Space and Time Dynamics of Transpiration in the East River Watershed: Biotic and Abiotic Controls (ess_dive, 2020)
This data package contains a series of datasets aimed at understanding the seasonal origins of water used by the dominant conifer species, Abies lasiocarpa and Picea engelmannii, in the East River Watershed. There is a distinct difference in the stable isotopic ratio of summer rain and snowpack and thus by tracking the isotopic ratio of the xylem water in trees, it is possible to separate when a tree is using snow vs. summer rain. Following typical protocols, we sampled and extracted water from soils in the "Research Meadow" near Gothic, CO within the East River Watershed through the 2016 growing season. The stable isotopic ratio of these waters were then measured. Using values of the isotopic ratio of precipitation and snowpack from that season, we develop a mixing model to show how the trees transitioned from use of snowpack to summer in late July. We extended the information on the seasonal origins of water from 2016 back until 1980 by using measurements of the isotopic ratio of cellulose from trees in the Research Meadow. The isotopic ratio of tree ring cellulose records a signal both of the Vapor Pressure Deficit at the leaf-atmosphere boundary and also the source water for the trees. We concluded from this extended analysis that the trees underwent transitions between periods where snow was the dominant water source and summer rain was the dominant water source. More details on this analysis can be found in the publication: Persistence and Plasticity in Conifer Water Use Strategies. JGR Biogeoscience. DOI 10.1029/2018JG004845. The dataset specifically includes stable isotope measurements of xylem and soil water for Spruce and Fir trees at the Rocky Mountain Biological Lab's Research Meadow as well as snowpack and precipitation stable isotopes from nearby National Atmospheric Deposition Program sites. The dataset also includes intra-ring measurements of the d18O of cellulose from these trees at this site as well as at the Ziegler Reservoir site in Snowmass, CO. Associated meteorological data is included, which is needed to understand the source water for the trees based on the cellulose measurements.

Social Behavior and Population Dynamics of Yellow-bellied Marmots 1965 and Continuing after 2001. - Daniel T. Blumstein (other, 2020)
These data continue and expand upon data collected by Kenneth B. Armitage titled, " Social Behavior and Population Dynamics of Yellow-bellied Marmots", that goes from 1965 - 2001. A record includes the subject's age, sex, body mass, locality, and reproductive status. Starting in 2002, additional columns are added that include: the subject's reaction to being trapped and tagged, and a list of samples that were collected (blood, feces, hair, alarm call recordings).   To access data from 2002, please contact Daniel Blumstein (marmots@ucla.edu).

Sub-Basin Delineation for the Upper East River, Colorado, United States (ess_dive, 2020)
Upper East sub-basins are delineated as area contributing flow to SFA 2016 stream gage locations. Shapefile attributes include sub-basin ID, name, area (m2 and km2) and codes for spatial contributions to EBC and PH used by Carroll et al. (2018). Geospatial reference is UTM 1983 zone 13. JPEG image provided to show sub-basin delineation with respect to surface geology (Gothic Quadrangle: Gaskill et al., 1991; Maroon Bells Quadrangle: Bryant, 1969). This dataset can be opened using any GIS software (e.g. QGIS, ArcGIS).

A global database of plant production and carbon exchange from global change manipulative experiments - Jian Song; Shiqiang Wan (other, 2020)
1. Database used in the article entitled "A meta-analysis of 1,119 manipulative experiments on terrestrial carbon-cycling responses to global change", which is published in Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2. A updated version of the original dataset used in our Nature Ecology & Evolution paper.

LiDAR collection in August 2015 over the East River Watershed, Colorado, USA - Haruko M. Wainwright; K. H. Williams (ess_dive, 2020)
Airborne LiDAR data were acquired over the East River Watershed on June 8, 2015 to August 10, 2015. The area covered was approximately 4933 square kilometers with an average point density of 10-12 points per square meter to comply with USGS's QL1 standard. Additional products include the LiDAR point cloud and derived products (including the digital elevation map, top-of-canopy elevation). The attached LIDAR acquisition report accompanies the delivered LiDAR data and documents contract specifications, data acquisition procedures, acquisition parameters (e.g., flight line trajectories, coverage maps), processing methods, and analysis of the final dataset including LiDAR accuracy and density. The metadata can be accessed by using GIS software (QGIS, ArcGIS) or remote sensing software (ENVI).

Data for Context-dependent biotic interactions control plant abundance across altitudinal environmental gradients, 2014, 2016, Colorado, USA - Melanie R Kazenel; Jennifer A. Rudgers; Stephanie N. Kivlin; J. S. Lynn (other, 2020)
Many biotic interactions influence community structure, yet most distribution models for plants have focused on plant competition or used only abiotic variables to predict plant abundance. Furthermore, biotic interactions are commonly context-dependent across abiotic gradients. For example, plant-plant interactions can grade from competition to facilitation over temperature gradients. We used a hierarchical Bayesian framework to predict the abundances of 12 plant species across a mountain landscape and test hypotheses on the context-dependency of biotic interactions over abiotic gradients. We combined field-based estimates of six biotic interactions (foliar herbivory and pathogen damage, fungal root colonization, fossorial mammal disturbance, plant cover, and plant diversity) with abiotic data on climate and soil depth, nutrients, and moisture. All biotic interactions were significantly context-dependent along temperature gradients. Results supported the stress gradient hypothesis: As abiotic stress increased, the strength or direction of the relationship between biotic variables and plant abundance generally switched from negative (suggesting suppressed plant abundance) to positive (suggesting facilitation/mutualism). For half of the species, plant cover was the best predictor of abundance, suggesting that the prior focus on plant-plant interactions is well-justified. Explicitly incorporating the context-dependency of biotic interactions generated novel hypotheses about drivers of plant abundance across abiotic gradients and may improve the accuracy of niche models.

Conifer water use patterns in the East River Watershed, Colorado US, based on stable water isotopes and cellulose isotopes - Ioana Stefanescu; Francois Ritter; Nadja Insel; L. Anderson; C. Still; Ioana Stefanescu; Francois Ritter; Max Berkelhammer; L. Anderson; C. Still; Nadja Insel; M. J. Winnick; et al. (ess_dive, 2020)
This data package contains a series of datasets aimed at understanding the seasonal origins of water used by the dominant conifer species, Abies lasiocarpa and Picea engelmannii, in the East River Watershed. There is a distinct difference in the stable isotopic ratio of summer rain and snowpack and thus by tracking the isotopic ratio of the xylem water in trees, it is possible to separate when a tree is using snow vs. summer rain. Following typical protocols, we sampled and extracted water from soils in the "Research Meadow" near Gothic, CO within the East River Watershed through the 2016 growing season. The stable isotopic ratio of these waters were then measured. Using values of the isotopic ratio of precipitation and snowpack from that season, we develop a mixing model to show how the trees transitioned from use of snowpack to summer in late July. We extended the information on the seasonal origins of water from 2016 back until 1980 by using measurements of the isotopic ratio of cellulose from trees in the Research Meadow. The isotopic ratio of tree ring cellulose records a signal both of the Vapor Pressure Deficit at the leaf-atmosphere boundary and also the source water for the trees. We concluded from this extended analysis that the trees underwent transitions between periods where snow was the dominant water source and summer rain was the dominant water source. More details on this analysis can be found in the publication: Persistence and Plasticity in Conifer Water Use Strategies. JGR Biogeoscience. DOI 10.1029/2018JG004845. The dataset specifically includes stable isotope measurements of xylem and soil water for Spruce and Fir trees at the Rocky Mountain Biological Lab's Research Meadow as well as snowpack and precipitation stable isotopes from nearby National Atmospheric Deposition Program sites. The dataset also includes intra-ring measurements of the d18O of cellulose from these trees at this site as well as at the Ziegler Reservoir site in Snowmass, CO. Associated meteorological data is included, which is needed to understand the source water for the trees based on the cellulose measurements.

Hydrologic Model Files (PRMS) for Historical Conditions in the East River Watershed, Colorado between 1987-2019 - David Gochis; David Gochis; David Gochis; David Gochis; K. H. Williams; K. H. Williams; K. H. Williams; K. H. Williams (ess_dive, 2020)
The data package contains model input and output file for the East River watershed (85 km2) located in the headwaters of the Colorado River. The model is the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Precipitation-Modeling Runoff System (PRMS) for the historical, or baseline, condition (1987-2019) to assess the efficiency of summer monsoon rains to generate streamflow. The finite difference grid resolution is 100 m with elevations resampled from the USGS National Elevation Dataset. LANDFIRE raster data is used to derive parameters of dominant cover type, summer and winter cover density, canopy interception characteristics for snow and rain and transmission coefficient for shortwave radiation. Climate forcing uses minimum and maximum daily temperature lapse rates defined by the two Snow Telemetry (SNOTEL) stations located in the vicinity of the East River adjusted for aspect. Schofield SNOTEL snowfall is spatially distributed using LiDAR derived snow depth observations from the Airborne Snow Observatory (ASO) flown 4 April 2016. Snow depths are converted to snow water equivalent based on ground surveys and density modeling. Rainfall is spatially distributed using the monthly Parameter-elevation Relationships on Independent Slopes Model 30-year monthly averages. Simulated solar radiation is calibrated to match weather station observations. Model verification of snow water equivalent (SWE) accumulation and ablation relies on the 2018 and 2019 ASO maps and weather station snow depth. The data package contains model input files in text format, model documentation in pfd and a readme.txt file to help users understand the file structure to run the program.

Plant census and microenvironment dataset from Mt. Baldy, Colorado, USA, 2014-2017 - Bente J. Graae; R. M. Dalton; B. Blonder; Jacob M. Heiling (other, 2020)
The data comprise a long-term study of alpine plant community dynamics in the Gunnison National Forest of Colorado. The data comprise annual census data for all plants (including seedlings) in each of 50 2x2m plots, including information on size, reproduction, life stage, and mortality, with all plants identified and geo-located. These data are also made available transformed to provide individual-level estimates of growth, survival, fecundity, and recruitment. The dataset covers several thousand individuals of approximately twenty species, and highlights an apparent pattern of demographic decline. The data also include information on microenvironment / microedaphic variation at 2 m resolution covering the entire research site, including information on temperatures, topography, soil chemistry, soil texture, and other variables. The data also include information on the functional traits of many of the species present at the site, including information on biomass allocation, leaf traits, root traits, seed traits, and floral traits.

Estimating densities of larval Salmonflies (Pteronarcys californica) through multiple pass removal of post-emergent exuvia in Colorado rivers - Dan Kowalski (other, 2020)
Traditional methods of collecting, sorting, and identifying benthic macroinvertebrate samples are useful for stream biomonitoring and ecological studies, however, these methods are time consuming, expensive, and require taxonomic expertise. Estimating larval densities through collection of post-emergent exuvia can be a practical and time efficient alternative. We evaluated the use of multiple pass depletion techniques of the post-emergent exuvia of Pteronarcys californica to estimate larval densities at ten sites in three Colorado rivers. Exuvia density was highly correlated with both final-instar larval density (R2 = 0.90) and total larval density (R2 = 0.88) and the multiple pass removal technique performed well. Exuvia surveys found P. californica at three low density sites where benthic sampling failed to detect it. At moderate and high density sites the exuvia surveys always produced lower density estimates than benthic surveys. Multiple pass depletion estimates of exuvia proved to be an accurate and efficient technique at estimating larval densities and provided an effective alternative for traditional benthic sampling when objectives are detecting and monitoring P. californica, especially at low density sites.

Cross-Section Geometry and Sediment-Size Data from Muddy Creek and North Fork Gunnison River below Paonia Reservoir, western Colorado, 2019 - Rodney J Richards; Mark F Henneberg (other, 2020)
This dataset contains cross-section geometry and sediment-size data collected in the fall of 2019 from Muddy Creek and North Fork Gunnison River below Paonia Reservoir, western Colorado. Six cross sections were surveyed using Real-Time Kinematic Global Navigation Satellite System (RTK-GNSS) methods to document channel geometry below Paonia Reservoir. One cross section was surveyed on Muddy Creek below Paonia Reservoir, and five cross sections were surveyed from North Fork Gunnison River below Paonia Reservoir. All six cross sections are incorporated in this data release within one shapefile. Pebble counts were performed at each of the six cross sections to document sediment-size distributions downstream from the reservoir. Four transects were completed at each cross section, where sediment size was measured and recorded. Sediment-size data are presented in .CSV files, with one file for each cross-section location, incorporating all of the data for each of the four transects at that location.

Multi-direction Stream Flowlines for the Upper East River Domain - Ian K Breckheimer (s3, 2020)
This map represents estimated stream flowlines from a hydrologically corrected digital elevation model. The lines were derived in the GRASS GIS module r.watershed using a multi-flow direction algorithm that allows channel braiding. Each stream segment is identified by a unique integer.

Multi-direction Flow Accumulation for the Upper East River Domain - Ian K Breckheimer (s3, 2020)
This dataset represents estimated flow accumulation from a hydrologically corrected digital elevation model. The map was derived in GRASS GIS using a multi-flow direction algorithm that allows channel braiding. Values represent the area (in square meters) of land that contributes flow to a given cell.

The Importance of Interflow to Groundwater Recharge in a Snowmelt-Dominated, Alpine Watershed, Geophysical Research Letters: Modeling and Data Package (ess_dive, 2020)
This data package contains hydrologic modeling input and output files for the East River (ER_PRMS.zip) and Copper Creek (CC_GSFLOW.zip) for water years 1987 to 2018. These data were used to generate simulated results published in Geophysical Research Letters (Carroll et al., 2019) describing the importance of interflow in generating groundwater recharge in the upper subalpine. The East River and Copper Creek are part of the Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area (WFSFA) located in the Upper Colorado River Basin, United States. The hydrologic model uses the U.S. Geological Survey coupled groundwater and surface water flow model (GSFLOW). Input and output files are askii format, while the model executable (gsflow.exe), source code, example problems and documentation describing model files is provided at the following U.S. Geological Survey website. https://www.usgs.gov/software/coupled-ground-water-and-surface-water-flow-model-gsflow. GSFLOW executables are compiled for either Microsoft Windows or Linux operating systems.

Basic High-resolution Landcover Map for the Upper East River Domain - Ian K Breckheimer (s3, 2020)
This is a landcover map derived from the 2018 NEON AOP dataset for the upper east river. 1=needle-leaf trees and shrubs 2=deciduous trees and shrubs 3=deciduous meadow and subshrub (<0.5m) 4=bare rock, soil, gravel and asphalt 5=water 6=snow 7=buildings Source data includes NEON LiDAR and imaging spectrometry products described in: Goulden T ; Hass B ; Brodie E ; Chadwick K D ; Falco N ; Maher K ; Wainwright H ; Williams K (2020): NEON AOP Survey of Upper East River CO Watersheds: LAZ Files, LiDAR Surface Elevation, Terrain Elevation, and Canopy Height Rasters. Watershed Function SFA. DOI: 10.15485/1617203 Chadwick K D ; Brodrick P ; Grant K ; Henderson A ; Bill M ; Breckheimer I ; Williams C F R ; Goulden T ; Falco N ; McCormick M ; Musinsky J ; Pierce S ; Hastings Porro M ; Scott A ; Brodie E ; Hancher M ; Steltzer H ; Wainwright H ; Maher K W; undefined K M (2020): NEON AOP foliar trait maps, maps of model uncertainty estimates, and conifer map. A Multiscale Approach to Modeling Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling within a High Elevation Watershed. DOI: 10.15485/1618133

Large Sub-watersheds of the Upper East River Domain - Ian K Breckheimer (s3, 2020)
This map represents estimated watersheds for stream segments derived from a hydrologically corrected digital elevation model. The flow lines were derived in GRASS GIS using a single direction algorithm that does not allow channel braiding. Each watershed is identified by a unique integer that matches the stream segment. Stream segments were delineated to drain at least 512000 square meters. Users should also cite the original elevation datasets and documentation: Goulden T ; Hass B ; Brodie E ; Chadwick K D ; Falco N ; Maher K ; Wainwright H ; Williams K (2020): NEON AOP Survey of Upper East River CO Watersheds: LAZ Files, LiDAR Surface Elevation, Terrain Elevation, and Canopy Height Rasters. Watershed Function SFA. DOI: 10.15485/1617203

Single-direction Major Streams for the Upper East River Domain - Ian K Breckheimer (s3, 2020)
This map represents estimated stream flowlines from a hydrologically corrected digital elevation model. The lines were derived in GRASS GIS using a single flow-direction (D8) algorithm that does not allow channel braiding. Each stream segment is identified by a unique integer. Stream lines were delineated for drainage areas greater than 512000 square meters. Users should also cite the original elevation datasets and documentation: Goulden T ; Hass B ; Brodie E ; Chadwick K D ; Falco N ; Maher K ; Wainwright H ; Williams K (2020): NEON AOP Survey of Upper East River CO Watersheds: LAZ Files, LiDAR Surface Elevation, Terrain Elevation, and Canopy Height Rasters. Watershed Function SFA. DOI: 10.15485/1617203

Single-direction Flow Accumulation Map for the Upper East River Domain - Ian K Breckheimer (s3, 2020)
This map represents estimated flow accumulation from a hydrologically corrected digital elevation model. The map was derived in GRASS GIS using a single flow-direction (D8) algorithm that does not allow channel braiding. Values represent the area (in square meters) of land that contributes flow to a given cell. This dataset was generated with the r.watershed module of GRASS GIS 7.8.2. Users should also cite the original source datasets and documentation: Goulden T ; Hass B ; Brodie E ; Chadwick K D ; Falco N ; Maher K ; Wainwright H ; Williams K (2020): NEON AOP Survey of Upper East River CO Watersheds: LAZ Files, LiDAR Surface Elevation, Terrain Elevation, and Canopy Height Rasters. Watershed Function SFA. DOI: 10.15485/1617203 Chadwick K D ; Brodrick P ; Grant K ; Henderson A ; Bill M ; Breckheimer I ; Williams C F R ; Goulden T ; Falco N ; McCormick M ; Musinsky J ; Pierce S ; Hastings Porro M ; Scott A ; Brodie E ; Hancher M ; Steltzer H ; Wainwright H ; Maher K W; undefined K M (2020): NEON AOP foliar trait maps, maps of model uncertainty estimates, and conifer map. A Multiscale Approach to Modeling Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling within a High Elevation Watershed. DOI: 10.15485/1618133

Surface Water Map at 1m Resolution for the Upper East River Domain - Ian K Breckheimer (s3, 2020)
This map represents the estimated binary presence of surface water during the NEON Airborne Observation Platform campaign in July 2018. Values of 1 represent open water, values of 0 represent no water present. Surface water was mapped using imaging spectrometer data from the AOP, and combined with a flow accumulation map to provide continuous water bodies for streams with drainage areas larger than 3x10^6 square meters.

Hydrologically Corrected (cut) 1m Digital Elevation Model for the Upper East River Domain - Ian K Breckheimer (s3, 2020)
This is a hydrologically corrected digital elevation model derived from the 2018 NEON AOP dataset. It represents the height above sea level for impervious objects attached to the ground, such as buildings, but not vegetation. Bridges and culverts have been "cut" to allow realistic surface flow for hydrologic applications. Users should also cite the original source datasets and documentation: Goulden T ; Hass B ; Brodie E ; Chadwick K D ; Falco N ; Maher K ; Wainwright H ; Williams K (2020): NEON AOP Survey of Upper East River CO Watersheds: LAZ Files, LiDAR Surface Elevation, Terrain Elevation, and Canopy Height Rasters. Watershed Function SFA. DOI: 10.15485/1617203 Chadwick K D ; Brodrick P ; Grant K ; Henderson A ; Bill M ; Breckheimer I ; Williams C F R ; Goulden T ; Falco N ; McCormick M ; Musinsky J ; Pierce S ; Hastings Porro M ; Scott A ; Brodie E ; Hancher M ; Steltzer H ; Wainwright H ; Maher K W; undefined K M (2020): NEON AOP foliar trait maps, maps of model uncertainty estimates, and conifer map. A Multiscale Approach to Modeling Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling within a High Elevation Watershed. DOI: 10.15485/1618133

Leaf-off 1m Digital Surface Model of the Upper East River Domain - Ian K Breckheimer (s3, 2020)
This is a digital surface model from the 2018 NEON AOP dataset. It represents the height above sea level for objects attached to the ground, such as buildings. This version of the data includes the elevation of buildings and other non-vegetation objects such as bridges. Areas of deciduous vegetation reflect bare-earth elevations. Areas of evergreen vegetation represent elevations of vegetation tops. Users should also cite the original source datasets and documentation: Goulden T ; Hass B ; Brodie E ; Chadwick K D ; Falco N ; Maher K ; Wainwright H ; Williams K (2020): NEON AOP Survey of Upper East River CO Watersheds: LAZ Files, LiDAR Surface Elevation, Terrain Elevation, and Canopy Height Rasters. Watershed Function SFA. DOI: 10.15485/1617203 Chadwick K D ; Brodrick P ; Grant K ; Henderson A ; Bill M ; Breckheimer I ; Williams C F R ; Goulden T ; Falco N ; McCormick M ; Musinsky J ; Pierce S ; Hastings Porro M ; Scott A ; Brodie E ; Hancher M ; Steltzer H ; Wainwright H ; Maher K W; undefined K M (2020): NEON AOP foliar trait maps, maps of model uncertainty estimates, and conifer map. A Multiscale Approach to Modeling Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling within a High Elevation Watershed. DOI: 10.15485/1618133

1m Digital Elevation Model with Buildings Derived from the 2018 NEON AOP Dataset - Ian K Breckheimer (s3, 2020)
This is a digital surface model from the 2018 NEON AOP dataset. It represents the height above sea level for objects attached to the ground, such as buildings. This version of the data includes the elevation of buildings and other non-vegetation objects such as bridges, but areas of vegetation reflect bare-earth elevations. Goulden T ; Hass B ; Brodie E ; Chadwick K D ; Falco N ; Maher K ; Wainwright H ; Williams K (2020): NEON AOP Survey of Upper East River CO Watersheds: LAZ Files, LiDAR Surface Elevation, Terrain Elevation, and Canopy Height Rasters. Watershed Function SFA. DOI: 10.15485/1617203 Chadwick K D ; Brodrick P ; Grant K ; Henderson A ; Bill M ; Breckheimer I ; Williams C F R ; Goulden T ; Falco N ; McCormick M ; Musinsky J ; Pierce S ; Hastings Porro M ; Scott A ; Brodie E ; Hancher M ; Steltzer H ; Wainwright H ; Maher K W; undefined K M (2020): NEON AOP foliar trait maps, maps of model uncertainty estimates, and conifer map. A Multiscale Approach to Modeling Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling within a High Elevation Watershed. DOI: 10.15485/1618133

Quality-controlled and Gap-filled 1m Digital Elevation Model for the Upper East River Domain - Ian K Breckheimer (s3, 2020)
This is a bare-earth digital elevation model from the 2018 NEON AOP dataset. Areas outside the boundaries of the Upper East River domain were filled with data interpolated from the 3m 2018 Airborne Snow Observatory DEM. The ASO DEM was harmonized with the NEON DEM and filtered to remove small pits and peaks.

Multi-direction Major Streams for the Upper East River Domain - Ian K Breckheimer (s3, 2020)
This map represents estimated stream flowlines from a hydrologically corrected digital elevation model. The lines were derived in GRASS GIS using a multi-direction algorithm that allows channel braiding. Each stream segment is identified by a unique integer. Stream lines were delineated for drainage areas greater than 512000 square meters. Users should also cite the original elevation datasets and documentation: Goulden T ; Hass B ; Brodie E ; Chadwick K D ; Falco N ; Maher K ; Wainwright H ; Williams K (2020): NEON AOP Survey of Upper East River CO Watersheds: LAZ Files, LiDAR Surface Elevation, Terrain Elevation, and Canopy Height Rasters. Watershed Function SFA. DOI: 10.15485/1617203 Chadwick K D ; Brodrick P ; Grant K ; Henderson A ; Bill M ; Breckheimer I ; Williams C F R ; Goulden T ; Falco N ; McCormick M ; Musinsky J ; Pierce S ; Hastings Porro M ; Scott A ; Brodie E ; Hancher M ; Steltzer H ; Wainwright H ; Maher K W; undefined K M (2020): NEON AOP foliar trait maps, maps of model uncertainty estimates, and conifer map. A Multiscale Approach to Modeling Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling within a High Elevation Watershed. DOI: 10.15485/1618133

Ute Ulay Mining Complex and Henson Ghost Town - oc534 (other, 2020)
The Ute Ulay Mining Complex is located along the Alpine Loop Scenic Byway just south of Lake City, Colorado. The Ute Ulay mining claims were discovered in 1871 and were one of the biggest producers of gold and silver in the San Juan Mountains. The Bureau of Land Management Gunnison Field Office has partnered with Hinsdale County to promote heritage tourism and has stabilized and preserved several structures within the mining complex. Ute Ulay was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2017. The mining town of Henson sprung up in 1880 and provided basic necessities to support the 300 miners and their families working at the booming Ute Ulay Mining Complex. By 1883, the town had a schoolhouse, post office, several supply stores, and its dirt roads were lined with one room log cabins. Many of these structures are still standing today and an interpreted historic walking tour through the ghost town is available. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab

Ute Ulay Water Tank - oc534 (other, 2020)
The Ute Ulay Mining Complex is located along the Alpine Loop Scenic Byway just south of Lake City, Colorado. The Ute Ulay mining claims were discovered in 1871 and were one of the biggest producers of gold and silver in the San Juan Mountains. The Bureau of Land Management Gunnison Field Office has partnered with Hinsdale County to promote heritage tourism and has stabilized and preserved several structures within the mining complex. Ute Ulay was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2017. The wooden water tank was filled by the flume from the Ute Ulay Dam. The water tank supplied water to the hydropower plant through three vertical pipes to three Leffel turbine water wheels that powered the electrical generating equipment in the power plant. The water tank was constructed in 1926 along with the dam, flume, and hydropower plant. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab

RMBL NHD Lakes - Shannon Sprott (other, 2020)
The National Hydrography Dataset (NHD) represents the water drainage network of the United States with features such as rivers, streams, canals, lakes, ponds, coastline, dams, and stream gages. This data was downloaded directly from the usgs.gov National Map downloader site. The data was then clipped to Gunnison County boundary by RMBL GIS. The most current version of the National Hydrography Dataset, the NHD High Resolution, is mapped at a scale of 1:24,000 scale or better (1:63,360 or better in Alaska). The download link goes to the shapefile data format, though this data is available for download off the ArcGIS Online site as a KML, File Geodatabase, and GeoJson file types.

RMBL County Town Boundaries - Shannon Sprott (other, 2020)
These are the platted and recorded designated city and town boundaries within Gunnison County. This  dataset was downloaded directly from the Gunnison County GIS website and was updated on 09/10/2019. The data download link goes to the shapefile data format, though this data is available for download off the ArcGIS Online site as a KML, File Geodatabase, and GeoJson file types.

The Importance of Interflow to Groundwater Recharge in a Snowmelt-Dominated, Alpine Watershed, Geophysical Research Letters: Modeling and Data Package (ess_dive, 2020)
This data package contains hydrologic modeling input and output files for the East River (ER_PRMS.zip) and Copper Creek (CC_GSFLOW.zip) for water years 1987 to 2018. These data were used to generate simulated results published in Geophysical Research Letters (Carroll et al., 2019) describing the importance of interflow in generating groundwater recharge in the upper subalpine. The East River and Copper Creek are part of the Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area (WFSFA) located in the Upper Colorado River Basin, United States. The hydrologic model uses the U.S. Geological Survey coupled groundwater and surface water flow model (GSFLOW). Input and output files are askii format, while the model executable (gsflow.exe), source code, example problems and documentation describing model files is provided at the following U.S. Geological Survey website. https://www.usgs.gov/software/coupled-ground-water-and-surface-water-flow-model-gsflow. GSFLOW executables are compiled for either Microsoft Windows or Linux operating systems.

Post survey report for AOP Assignable Asset collection of Crested Butte, CO (ess_dive, 2020)
This report contains details of the National Ecological Observatory Network Airborne Observation Platform (NEON AOP) assignable asset (AA) flight over Crested Butte, Colorado (CO). The report is being prepared for Lawrence Berkeley National Lab (LBNL), the primary clients for the flights who contracted the NEON AOP for flights during June 2018. The report includes a summary of the acquired flight lines over the planned area, results of calibration surveys, and quality assurance (QA) results of the acquired data. Detailed reports on the acquired data and processing results were also delivered with the data. LBNL contracted the AA NEON AOP flights to observe watersheds of interest at Crested Butte with remotely sensed data including high resolution LiDAR, imaging spectroscopy, and high-resolution camera imagery. The remote sensing imagery acquired by the AOP intendeds to support LBNL on an interdisciplinary project on hydrology, biogeochemistry, and ecosystem functioning in the area surrounding the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory (RMBL), one of the most prominent ecological study sites in the United States.

Hydrologic Model Files (PRMS) for Historical Conditions in the East River Watershed, Colorado between 1987-2019 (ess_dive, 2020)
The data package contains model input and output file for the East River watershed (85 km2) located in the headwaters of the Colorado River. The model is the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Precipitation-Modeling Runoff System (PRMS) for the historical, or baseline, condition (1987-2019) to assess the efficiency of summer monsoon rains to generate streamflow. The finite difference grid resolution is 100 m with elevations resampled from the USGS National Elevation Dataset. LANDFIRE raster data is used to derive parameters of dominant cover type, summer and winter cover density, canopy interception characteristics for snow and rain and transmission coefficient for shortwave radiation. Climate forcing uses minimum and maximum daily temperature lapse rates defined by the two Snow Telemetry (SNOTEL) stations located in the vicinity of the East River adjusted for aspect. Schofield SNOTEL snowfall is spatially distributed using LiDAR derived snow depth observations from the Airborne Snow Observatory (ASO) flown 4 April 2016. Snow depths are converted to snow water equivalent based on ground surveys and density modeling. Rainfall is spatially distributed using the monthly Parameter-elevation Relationships on Independent Slopes Model 30-year monthly averages. Simulated solar radiation is calibrated to match weather station observations. Model verification of snow water equivalent (SWE) accumulation and ablation relies on the 2018 and 2019 ASO maps and weather station snow depth. The data package contains model input files in text format, model documentation in pfd and a readme.txt file to help users understand the file structure to run the program.

Hybrid predictive modeling approach simulated evapotranspiration and ecosystem respiration data (ess_dive, 2020)
This dataset includes measured data used for developing hybrid-predictive-modeling (HPM) approach and simulated evapotranspiration and ecosystem respiration data across several Fluxnet sites, SNOTEL sites and East River locations (Chen et al., 2020 in review). Fluxnet sites considered in this study include: CA-OAS, CA-OBS, US-NR1, US-TON, US-VAR, US-SRM, US-WHS, US-WKG. Snotel sites Butte (ER-BT), Porphyry Creek (ER-PK) and Schofield Pass (ER-SP) are included as well 16 east river locations with different vegetation types denoted by evergreen forests (EF), deciduous forests (DF), riparian shrublands (RS) and meadow grassland (MS). This data package includes: 1) A summary spread sheet of the sites and acronyms for data variables. 2) Processed Fluxnet datasets that are obtained from Fluxnet.fluxdata.org with HPM estimated evapotranspiration (ET) and ecosystem respiration (RECO). Trained models and metrics for parameters for the Fluxnet sites were added in an update on November 2, 2020; 3) Processed SNOTEL datasets obtained from www.nrcs.usda.gov/snow/ and HPM estimated ET and RECO; 4) Weather data at east river locations obtained from DAYMET (daymet.ornl.gov) as well as HPM estimated ET and RECO. NDVI datasets are obtained from Landsat 5, 7 and 8 on Google Earth Engine platform. Detailed QA/QC and sampling methods of measured data are available at the original data source.

Post survey report for AOP Assignable Asset collection of Crested Butte, CO - John Musinsky; John Musinsky; John Musinsky; John Musinsky; Tristan Goulden; John Musinsky; Tristan Goulden; John Musinsky; Tristan Goulden; Tristan Goulden; Tristan Goulden; Tristan Goulden (ess_dive, 2020)
This report contains details of the National Ecological Observatory Network Airborne Observation Platform (NEON AOP) assignable asset (AA) flight over Crested Butte, Colorado (CO). The report is being prepared for Lawrence Berkeley National Lab (LBNL), the primary clients for the flights who contracted the NEON AOP for flights during June 2018. The report includes a summary of the acquired flight lines over the planned area, results of calibration surveys, and quality assurance (QA) results of the acquired data. Detailed reports on the acquired data and processing results were also delivered with the data. LBNL contracted the AA NEON AOP flights to observe watersheds of interest at Crested Butte with remotely sensed data including high resolution LiDAR, imaging spectroscopy, and high-resolution camera imagery. The remote sensing imagery acquired by the AOP intendeds to support LBNL on an interdisciplinary project on hydrology, biogeochemistry, and ecosystem functioning in the area surrounding the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory (RMBL), one of the most prominent ecological study sites in the United States.

Conifer water use patterns in the East River Watershed, Colorado US, based on stable water isotopes and cellulose isotopes (ess_dive, 2020)
This data package contains a series of datasets aimed at understanding the seasonal origins of water used by the dominant conifer species, Abies lasiocarpa and Picea engelmannii, in the East River Watershed. There is a distinct difference in the stable isotopic ratio of summer rain and snowpack and thus by tracking the isotopic ratio of the xylem water in trees, it is possible to separate when a tree is using snow vs. summer rain. Following typical protocols, we sampled and extracted water from soils in the "Research Meadow" near Gothic, CO within the East River Watershed through the 2016 growing season. The stable isotopic ratio of these waters were then measured. Using values of the isotopic ratio of precipitation and snowpack from that season, we develop a mixing model to show how the trees transitioned from use of snowpack to summer in late July. We extended the information on the seasonal origins of water from 2016 back until 1980 by using measurements of the isotopic ratio of cellulose from trees in the Research Meadow. The isotopic ratio of tree ring cellulose records a signal both of the Vapor Pressure Deficit at the leaf-atmosphere boundary and also the source water for the trees. We concluded from this extended analysis that the trees underwent transitions between periods where snow was the dominant water source and summer rain was the dominant water source. More details on this analysis can be found in the publication: Persistence and Plasticity in Conifer Water Use Strategies. JGR Biogeoscience. DOI 10.1029/2018JG004845. The dataset specifically includes stable isotope measurements of xylem and soil water for Spruce and Fir trees at the Rocky Mountain Biological Lab's Research Meadow as well as snowpack and precipitation stable isotopes from nearby National Atmospheric Deposition Program sites. The dataset also includes intra-ring measurements of the d18O of cellulose from these trees at this site as well as at the Ziegler Reservoir site in Snowmass, CO. Associated meteorological data is included, which is needed to understand the source water for the trees based on the cellulose measurements.

Ice Nucleating Particles (INP) (2020)
Ice Nucleating Particles (INP)

RMBL NHD Streams - Shannon Sprott (other, 2020)
The National Hydrography Dataset (NHD) represents the water drainage network of the United States with features such as rivers, streams, canals, lakes, ponds, coastline, dams, and stream gages. This data was downloaded directly from the usgs.gov National Map downloader site. The data was then clipped to Gunnison County boundary by RMBL GIS. The most current version of the National Hydrography Dataset, the NHD High Resolution, is mapped at a scale of 1:24,000 scale or better (1:63,360 or better in Alaska). The download link goes to the shapefile data format, though this data is available for download off the ArcGIS Online site as a KML, File Geodatabase, and GeoJson file types.

RMBL Gothic RNA - Shannon Sprott (other, 2020)
This is the designated Gothic Research Natural Area boundary that was acquired from the USFS in 2015. The data download link goes to the shapefile data format, though this data is available for download off the ArcGIS Online site as a KML, File Geodatabase, and GeoJson file types.

Database for the Geologic Map of the Bonanza Caldera Area, Northeastern San Juan Mountains, Colorado (other, 2020)
The San Juan Mountains in southwestern Colorado have long been recognized as a site of exceptionally voluminous mid-Tertiary volcanism, including at least 24 major ignimbrite sheets (each 150-5,000 km3) and associated caldera structures active at 33-23 Ma. More recent volcanologic and petrologic studies in the San Juan region have focused mainly on several ignimbrite-caldera systems: the southeastern area (Platoro complex), western calderas (Uncompahgre-Silverton-Lake City), the central cluster (La Garita-Creede calderas). The northeast San Juan region that was far less studied until recently occupies a transition between earlier volcanism in central Colorado and the larger-volume younger ignimbrite-caldera foci farther south and west. The present study of the Bonanza area evaluates eruptive and magmatic processes of silicic Cordilleran volcanism in this northeast region, based on new geologic mapping (mainly summers of 2007-12) and concurrent petrologic and geochronologic analysis. The resulting map is based on new field mapping of volcanic rocks in thirteen 7.5-minute quadrangles in northeastern parts of the volcanic field, petrologic studies involving several hundred new chemical analyses, and high-resolution age determinations for about 130 sites. The Bonanza center contains exceptionally complete and diverse features of an ignimbrite caldera cycle, including voluminous andesite erupted before and after ignimbrite eruptions, complex compositional zonation within both the outflow ignimbrite sheet and the tuff concurrently ponded within the caldera, extensive portions of the ring-fault system that accommodated subsidence, thick compositionally diverse lavas that filled the caldera after subsidence, remnants of the original topographic caldera rim, widespread erosional exposure of caldera-floor features, and postcaldera granitic intrusions that generated a notably steep resurgent dome within the caldera. This geologic map database is accompanied by a report, which includes the formatted geologic map and explanatory pamphlet, available at https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3394. The authors ask that users of the geologic map database cite both the database and the report: Report: Lipman, P.W., 2020, Geologic map of the Bonanza Caldera Area, northeastern San Juan Mountains, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3394, pamphlet 73 p., 2 sheets, scale 1:50,000, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3394. Database: Joel E. Robinson, and Peter W. Lipman, 2020, Database for the Geologic Map of the Bonanza Caldera Area, Northeastern San Juan Mountains, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey, https://doi.org/10.5066/P911OL4Q.

Leaf mass per area and leaf water content measurements from field survey in association with NEON AOP survey, East River, CO 2018. A Multiscale Approach to Modeling Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling within a High Elevation Watershed. (ess_dive, 2020)
Leaf area, wet, and dry weights for leaf samples from sites where field sampling was conducted during the 2018 National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) Airborne Observation Platform (AOP) imaging spectroscopy and lidar surveys in Gunnison County, Colorado. The sampling sites were located across East River, Washington Gulch, Slate River, and Coal Creek watersheds and contained a mixture of meadow, shrub, and tree sampling sites. This data package contains the leaf area and wet and dry weights for leaves from tree and shrub sampling sites, as well as samples for meadow species present within a given sampling area. Associated data packages contain species composition information at the plot level (DOI: 10.15485/1618130), as well as additional biogeochemical, microbial, and geophysical data as they become available. For full documentation, please see associated reference. This package contains zipped folders of all scans that were used for area calculations for both sampling sites (tree/shrub, site_scans.zip) as well as representative samples from a daily sampling area of meadow species that were found in the 1 m plots (meadow_area_scans.zip). It also contains the macro code that was used in ImageJ for processing of the area calculations. Finally, it includes excel files with the area (cm2), wet weight (g), dry weight (g), leaf mass per area (LMA, g/m2), and leaf water content (%) for each set of scans. Related References Chadwick et al., Integrating airborne remote sensing and field campaigns for ecology and Earth system science, In review Chadwick K D ; Grant K ; Henderson A ; Breckheimer I ; Williams C F R ; Falco N ; Chen J ; Henry H ; Khurram A ; Lamb J ; McCormick M ; McOmber H ; Pierce S ; Polussa A ; Hastings Porro M ; Scott A ; Wu Singh H ; Whitney B ; Brodie E ; Carroll R ; Dewey C ; Kueppers L ; Maavara T ; Steltzer H ; Williams K ; Maher K (2020): Locations, metadata, and species cover from field sampling survey associated with NEON AOP survey, East River, CO 2018. Watershed Function SFA. DOI: 10.15485/1618130

Leaf-on 1m Digital Surface Model for the Upper East River Domain - Ian K Breckheimer (s3, 2020)
This is a digital surface model from the 2018 NEON AOP dataset. It represents the height above sea level for objects attached to the ground, such as buildings and trees. This version of the data includes the elevation of the tops of deciduous vegetation, consistent with the data collection interval of July 2018. Users should also cite the source datasets and documentation: Goulden T ; Hass B ; Brodie E ; Chadwick K D ; Falco N ; Maher K ; Wainwright H ; Williams K (2020): NEON AOP Survey of Upper East River CO Watersheds: LAZ Files, LiDAR Surface Elevation, Terrain Elevation, and Canopy Height Rasters. Watershed Function SFA. DOI: 10.15485/1617203 Chadwick K D ; Brodrick P ; Grant K ; Henderson A ; Bill M ; Breckheimer I ; Williams C F R ; Goulden T ; Falco N ; McCormick M ; Musinsky J ; Pierce S ; Hastings Porro M ; Scott A ; Brodie E ; Hancher M ; Steltzer H ; Wainwright H ; Maher K W; undefined K M (2020): NEON AOP foliar trait maps, maps of model uncertainty estimates, and conifer map. A Multiscale Approach to Modeling Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling within a High Elevation Watershed. DOI: 10.15485/1618133

RMBL Wilderness Areas - Shannon Sprott (other, 2020)
This data set contains all of the wilderness area boundaries within Gunnison County. The original dataset was downloaded off the Gunnison County GIS website. The data download link goes to the shapefile data format, though this data is available for download off the ArcGIS Online site as a KML, File Geodatabase, and GeoJson file types.

Quality-controlled 1m Digital Elevation Model for the Upper East River Domain - Ian K Breckheimer (s3, 2020)
1m Resolution bare-earth Digital Elevation Model for the Upper East River Derived from 2018 NEON AOP Data. This version has been re-processed to remove artifacts associated with sharp ridges and dense vegetation, and was based on original data from NEON:  Goulden T ; Hass B ; Brodie E ; Chadwick K D ; Falco N ; Maher K ; Wainwright H ; Williams K (2020): NEON AOP Survey of Upper East River CO Watersheds: LAZ Files, LiDAR Surface Elevation, Terrain Elevation, and Canopy Height Rasters. Watershed Function SFA. DOI: 10.15485/1617203

RMBL County Roads 2019 - Shannon Sprott (other, 2020)
All E911 highways, public and private roads within Gunnison and some of Hinsdale Counties. This data was downloaded directly from the Gunnison County GIS website, and was last updated 09/10/2019. The data download link goes to the shapefile data format, though this data is available for download off the ArcGIS Online site as a KML, File Geodatabase, and GeoJson file types

RMBL County Trails - Shannon Sprott (other, 2020)
This data set includes all trails, bikeways and public paths within Gunnison County. It was created by RMBL GIS and is a compilation of trail data from multiple sources such as the Crested Butte Mountain Bike Association, US Forest Service and Gunnison County. The data download link goes to the shapefile data format, though this data is available for download off the ArcGIS Online site as a KML, File Geodatabase, and GeoJson file types.

Small Sub-watersheds of the Upper East River Domain - Ian K Breckheimer (s3, 2020)
This map represents estimated watersheds for stream segments derived from a hydrologically corrected digital elevation model. The flow lines were derived in GRASS GIS using a single direction algorithm that does not allow channel braiding. Each watershed is identified by a unique integer that matches the stream segment. Stream segments were delineated to drain at least 32000 square meters. Users should also cite the original elevation datasets and documentation: Goulden T ; Hass B ; Brodie E ; Chadwick K D ; Falco N ; Maher K ; Wainwright H ; Williams K (2020): NEON AOP Survey of Upper East River CO Watersheds: LAZ Files, LiDAR Surface Elevation, Terrain Elevation, and Canopy Height Rasters. Watershed Function SFA. DOI: 10.15485/1617203

Hydrologically Corrected (cut and burned) 1m Digital Elevation Model for the Upper East River Domain - Ian K Breckheimer (s3, 2020)
This is a hydrologically corrected digital elevation model derived from the 2018 NEON AOP dataset. It represents the height above sea level for impervious objects attached to the ground, such as buildings, but not vegetation. Bridges and culverts have been "cut" to allow flow, and areas of suface water are "burned" into the DEM, and are represented by the minimum elevation of that area of contiguous surface water.

Single-direction Stream Flowlines for the Upper East River Domain - Ian K Breckheimer (s3, 2020)
This map represents estimated stream flowlines from a hydrologically corrected digital elevation model. The lines were derived in GRASS GIS using a single-flow direction algorithm that does not allow channel braiding. Each stream segment is identified by a unique integer.Stream lines were delineated for drainage areas greater than 32000 square meters. Users should also cite the original source datasets and documentation: Goulden T ; Hass B ; Brodie E ; Chadwick K D ; Falco N ; Maher K ; Wainwright H ; Williams K (2020): NEON AOP Survey of Upper East River CO Watersheds: LAZ Files, LiDAR Surface Elevation, Terrain Elevation, and Canopy Height Rasters. Watershed Function SFA. DOI: 10.15485/1617203 Chadwick K D ; Brodrick P ; Grant K ; Henderson A ; Bill M ; Breckheimer I ; Williams C F R ; Goulden T ; Falco N ; McCormick M ; Musinsky J ; Pierce S ; Hastings Porro M ; Scott A ; Brodie E ; Hancher M ; Steltzer H ; Wainwright H ; Maher K W; undefined K M (2020): NEON AOP foliar trait maps, maps of model uncertainty estimates, and conifer map. A Multiscale Approach to Modeling Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling within a High Elevation Watershed. DOI: 10.15485/1618133

Data for Lynn et al. “Soil microbes that may accompany climate warming increase alpine plant production” - D. A. Duarte; Jennifer A. Rudgers; J. S. Lynn (other, 2020)
Climate change is causing species with non-overlapping ranges to come in contact, and a key challenge is to predict the consequences of such species re-shuffling. Experiments on plants have focused largely on novel competitive interactions; other species interactions, such as plant-microbe symbioses, while less studied, may also influence plant responses to climate change. In this greenhouse study, we evaluated interactions between soil microbes and alpine-restricted plant species, simulating a warming scenario in which low elevation microbes migrate upslope into the distribution of alpine plants. We examined three alpine grasses from the Rocky Mountains, CO, USA (Poa alpina, Festuca brachyphylla, Elymus scribneri). We used soil inocula from within (resident) or below (novel) the plants' current elevation range and examined responses in plant biomass, plant traits, and fungal colonization of roots. Resident soil inocula from the species' home range decreased biomass to a greater extent than novel soil inocula. The depressed growth in resident soils suggested these soils harbor more carbon-demanding microbes, as plant biomass generally declined with greater fungal colonization of roots, especially in resident soil inocula. Although plant traits did not respond to the provenance of soil inocula, specific leaf area declined and root:shoot ratio increased when soil inocula were sterilized, indicating microbial mediation of plant trait expression. Contrary to current predictions, our findings suggest that if upwardly migrating microbes were to displace current soil microbes, alpine plants may benefit from this warming-induced microbial re-shuffling.

RMBL County Parcels 2019 - Shannon Sprott (other, 2020)
This dataset contains the parcel boundaries with the tax parcel information included from the Gunnison County Assessors and GIS office. It was downloaded directly off the Gunnison County GIS department website. The data download link goes to the shapefile data format, though this data is available for download off the ArcGIS Online site as a KML, File Geodatabase, and GeoJson file types.

RMBL USFS Districts - Shannon Sprott (other, 2020)
These are the US Forest Service designated districts for the Gunnison County area. This dataset was created in 2015 by Rocky Mountain Biological Lab GIS off documents and legal boundaries from the USFS. These districts are broken into 4 different districts: West Zone/Aspen Ranger District (White River National Forest), West Zone/Sopris Ranger District (White River National Forest), Paonia Ranger District (Gunnison National Forest), Gunnison Ranger District (Gunnison-Uncompahgre National Forest). The data download link goes to the shapefile data format, though this data is available for download off the ArcGIS Online site as a KML, File Geodatabase, and GeoJson file types.

Sample collection information and SNP data for Gunnison Sage-grouse across the species range generated in the Molecular Ecology Lab during 2015-2018 - Kevin Oh (other, 2020)
This dataset contains sample collection information and SNP genotypes for populations of Gunnison Sage-grouse across the species' range. This data was collected in order to examine patterns of adaptive genetic variation in Gunnison Sage-grouse. The data is archived in GenBank at the following URL https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/517770.

Sample collection information and whole genome data for Greater and Gunnison Sage-grouse range generated in the Molecular Ecology Lab during 2015-2018 - Kevin Oh (other, 2020)
This dataset contains sample collection information for whole genome sequences of Gunnison and Greater Sage-grouse. These data were collected in order to examine patterns of adaptive genetic variation in Greater and Gunnison Sage-grouse. The data is archived in GenBank at the following URL https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/531321.

RMBL 2020 Current Research sites - Shannon Sprott (other, 2020)
This data set is created and updated yearly based on scientist, researcher, and student GPS mapping throughout the year. All of the current research sites from each summer are combined as polygons in one feature layer. This dataset is for public use and does not contain any private researcher name or project specific information. The data download link goes to the shapefile data format, though this data is available for download off the ArcGIS Online site as a KML, File Geodatabase, and GeoJson file types.

Long-term bee phenology and abundance data at the RMBL, Gothic, Colorado - Inouye B. D.; Inouye; N. Underwood; R. E. Irwin (other, 2020)
Prof. Rebecca (Becky) Irwin has been collecting data on the abundance and timing of bees in permanent sites near the Rocky Mountain Biological Lab (RMBL), Gothic, Colorado, USA, from 2009 to present. During the flight season, we use pan traps and netting every two weeks to estimate bee abundance by catch rate. All solitary bees are collected, pinned, and identified to the lowest taxonomic level possible (>75% of specimens to species). Bumble bees that are netted are identified in the field, marked and released. The dataset consists of >190 bee species from at least 36 genera. The pan trap and netting data are in two separate files. We also collect flowering data at the time of bee collection every two weeks. More detailed flowering data can be found in the Long-term flowering phenology and abundance project at the Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/jt4n5), and long-term weather records are available from the region as well from the RMBL (www.rmbl.org).

Turbulence dissipation rate estimated from Doppler Lidar measurements during LAPSE-RATE (other, 2020)
This dataset includes turbulence dissipation rate estimated from the University of Colorado Windcube v1 lidars and the University of Oklahoma Halo Streamline scanning Doppler Lidar during the 2018 LAPSE-RATE (Lower Atmospheric Profiling Studies at Elevation - a Remotely-piloted Aircraft Team Experiment) field campaign.This campaign took place in the San Luis Valley of Colorado between 14-21 July, 2018. On 14 July, both Windcube lidars were co-located at the Saguache site for intercomparison. WC49 (here named DPLR2) was moved to the Moffat School site late in the day on the 14th, where the Halo Streamline was deployed. Bad or missing data is set to -9999.9 for variable fields.

SnowEx20 Grand Mesa IOP BSU 1 GHz Multi-polarization GPR Raw, Version 1 (other, 2020)

LAPSE-RATE ground-based Doppler lidar datasets from Univ Colorado Boulder (other, 2020)
This dataset includes measurements obtained using the University of Colorado Windcube v1 lidars during the 2018 LAPSE-RATE (Lower Atmospheric Profiling Studies at Elevation - a Remotely-piloted Aircraft Team Experiment) field campaign. This campaign took place in the San Luis Valley of Colorado between 14-21 July, 2018. On 14 July, both lidars were co-located at the Saguache site for intercomparison. WC49 (here named DPLR2) was moved to the Moffat School site late in the day on the 14th. Moffat School data starts on the 15th. Bad or missing data is set to -9999.0 for all fields. The a1 and the a2 datafiles are identical except that the a2 files include beam information (0, 90, 180, or 270) that was omitted from the a1 files.

LAPSE-RATE ground-based Doppler lidar datasets from Univ Colorado Boulder (other, 2020)
This dataset includes measurements obtained using the University of Colorado Windcube v1 lidars during the 2018 LAPSE-RATE (Lower Atmospheric Profiling Studies at Elevation - a Remotely-piloted Aircraft Team Experiment) field campaign. This campaign took place in the San Luis Valley of Colorado between 14-21 July, 2018. On 14 July, both lidars were co-located at the Saguache site for intercomparison. WC49 (here named DPLR2) was moved to the Moffat School site late in the day on the 14th. Moffat School data starts on the 15th. Bad or missing data is set to -9999.0 for all fields. The a1 and the a2 datafiles are identical except that the a2 files include beam information (0, 90, 180, or 270) that was omitted from the a1 files.

LAPSE-RATE ground-based Doppler lidar datasets from Univ Colorado Boulder (other, 2020)
This dataset includes measurements obtained using the University of Colorado Windcube v1 lidars during the 2018 LAPSE-RATE (Lower Atmospheric Profiling Studies at Elevation - a Remotely-piloted Aircraft Team Experiment) field campaign. This campaign took place in the San Luis Valley of Colorado between 14-21 July, 2018. On 14 July, both lidars were co-located at the Saguache site for intercomparison. WC49 (here named DPLR2) was moved to the Moffat School site late in the day on the 14th. Moffat School data starts on the 15th. Bad or missing data is set to -9999.0 for all fields.

The Importance of Interflow to Groundwater Recharge in a Snowmelt-Dominated, Alpine Watershed, Geophysical Research Letters: Modeling and Data Package - Jeffrey Deems; Rina Schumer; Jeffrey Deems; Rina Schumer; Rina Schumer; Richard Niswonger; Jeffrey Deems; Rina Schumer; Jeffrey Deems; Richard Niswonger; Jeffrey Deems; Rina Schumer; et al. (ess_dive, 2020)
This data package contains hydrologic modeling input and output files for the East River (ER_PRMS.zip) and Copper Creek (CC_GSFLOW.zip) for water years 1987 to 2018. These data were used to generate simulated results published in Geophysical Research Letters (Carroll et al., 2019) describing the importance of interflow in generating groundwater recharge in the upper subalpine. The East River and Copper Creek are part of the Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area (WFSFA) located in the Upper Colorado River Basin, United States. The hydrologic model uses the U.S. Geological Survey coupled groundwater and surface water flow model (GSFLOW). Input and output files are askii format, while the model executable (gsflow.exe), source code, example problems and documentation describing model files is provided at the following U.S. Geological Survey website. https://www.usgs.gov/software/coupled-ground-water-and-surface-water-flow-model-gsflow. GSFLOW executables are compiled for either Microsoft Windows or Linux operating systems.

Gap-filled water quality, Normalized Differenced Vegetation Index, total nitrogen (nitrate and ammonia) deposition, and land cover data trends for the Continental United States - Haruko M. Wainwright; S. S. Hubbard; K. H. Williams; Michelle Newcomer; Bhavna Arora; Carl I. Steefel; Nicholas J. Bouskill; Taylor Maavara; E. R. Woodburn; Dipankar Dwivedi (other, 2020)
The purpose of this work was to quantify trends in water quality, total nitrogen deposition, vegetation, and land-use trends for the Continental United States (CONUS). This dataset contains gap-filled daily and yearly in-stream carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) concentrations, discharge, and calculated exports from United States Geological Survey (USGS) National Water Information System (NWIS) stations across the United States of six different nitrogen parameters (Supplementary Table A1), one carbon parameter, and temperature (USGS, 2016, 2018) (https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis). The final water quality dataset is merged with the normalized differenced vegetation index (NDVI), total deposition (TDEP), landcover, and elevation datasets. All data are available at the CONUS scale as well as at the scale of hydrologic unit codes: (HUC) HUC8, HUC6, HUC4, and HUC2 watersheds. There are two zip files associated with this data package. I split the data into two equal sized zip files to comply with the data size limits, however the datasets are the same within each zip file. All data files can be read in directly into the R software.

Natural abundance nitrate isotopes from Rifle and the East River Watershed, Colorado (ess_dive, 2020)
This data package provides data on the natural abundance isotopes of nitrate from various sources, including porewater, stream, and precipitation. The overall purpose of this data package is to complement additional data streams for nitrogen cycling metrics (e.g., riverine inorganic and organic nitrogen measurements) with specific data gleaned from the interpretation of terrestrial and riverine isotope measurements and collectively understand on how nitrogen is cycled around this system. The Rifle and East River are part of the Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area (WFSFA) located in the Upper Colorado River Basin, United States. Collection locations include: Pumphouse (multiple sampling dates), River (upstream/ downstream meander C), Shallow soil lysimeters (hillslope, toeslope, floodplain), Hillslope-floodplain borehole wells (i.e., Pumphouse Lower Montane (PLM) wells), and Potassium chloride(KCL)-extracted soil samples. Copper Creek sampling includes 8x river sample points and two tributaries sampled on Sept. Oct. 2017, July 2018. East River below the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory sampling includes 1 access point sampled on July, Sept. Oct. 2017. Rifle floodplain sampling includes well TT03 across multiple collection times over 2014. Data is provided in 5 individual files by location in csv format, or all compiled in Excel format.

Turbulence dissipation rate estimated from Doppler Lidar measurements during LAPSE-RATE (other, 2020)
This dataset includes turbulence dissipation rate estimated from the University of Colorado Windcube v1 lidars and the University of Oklahoma Halo Streamline scanning Doppler Lidar during the 2018 LAPSE-RATE (Lower Atmospheric Profiling Studies at Elevation - a Remotely-piloted Aircraft Team Experiment) field campaign.This campaign took place in the San Luis Valley of Colorado between 14-21 July, 2018. On 14 July, both Windcube lidars were co-located at the Saguache site for intercomparison. WC49 (here named DPLR2) was moved to the Moffat School site late in the day on the 14th, where the Halo Streamline was deployed. Bad or missing data is set to -9999.9 for variable fields.

Turbulence dissipation rate estimated from Doppler Lidar measurements during LAPSE-RATE (other, 2020)
This dataset includes turbulence dissipation rate estimated from the University of Colorado Windcube v1 lidars and the University of Oklahoma Halo Streamline scanning Doppler Lidar during the 2018 LAPSE-RATE (Lower Atmospheric Profiling Studies at Elevation - a Remotely-piloted Aircraft Team Experiment) field campaign.This campaign took place in the San Luis Valley of Colorado between 14-21 July, 2018. On 14 July, both Windcube lidars were co-located at the Saguache site for intercomparison. WC49 (here named DPLR2) was moved to the Moffat School site late in the day on the 14th, where the Halo Streamline was deployed. Bad or missing data is set to -9999.9 for variable fields.

Turbulence dissipation rate estimated from Doppler Lidar measurements during LAPSE-RATE (other, 2020)
This dataset includes turbulence dissipation rate estimated from the University of Colorado Windcube v1 lidars and the University of Oklahoma Halo Streamline scanning Doppler Lidar during the 2018 LAPSE-RATE (Lower Atmospheric Profiling Studies at Elevation - a Remotely-piloted Aircraft Team Experiment) field campaign.This campaign took place in the San Luis Valley of Colorado between 14-21 July, 2018. On 14 July, both Windcube lidars were co-located at the Saguache site for intercomparison. WC49 (here named DPLR2) was moved to the Moffat School site late in the day on the 14th, where the Halo Streamline was deployed. Bad or missing data is set to -9999.9 for variable fields.

SnowEx20 Grand Mesa IOP BSU 1 GHz Multi-polarization GPR Raw, Version 1 (other, 2020)

Digital subsurface data of Paleozoic rocks in the Upper Colorado River Basin in Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico from USGS Regional Aquifer System Analysis (other, 2020)
The Upper Colorado River Basin has a drainage area of about 113,500 square miles in western Colorado, eastern Utah, southwestern Wyoming, northeastern Arizona, and northwestern New Mexico. In the 1980?s and 1990?s, the Upper Colorado River Basin was a study area under of the U.S. Geological Survey's Regional Aquifer-System Analysis (RASA) program (Sun and Johnston, 1994; Sun and Weeks, 1991). The objectives of the RASA program for the Upper Colorado River Basin were to provide regional assessments of major aquifer systems by providing quantitative assessments of the occurrence, movement, and availability of water stored in rock formations that underlie the basin/watershed. These assessments included: (1) the classification of stratigraphic sequences into those intervals that constitute aquifers and those that constitute confining beds; and (2) the generation of maps that portrayed the areal extent of aquifers, aquifer thickness, and overburden thickness. These studies generated a large body of subsurface geologic information as part of the regional aquifer analyses, some of which are captured in this digital data release. Aquifer systems in consolidated rocks in the Upper Colorado River Basin have been grouped into three major subdivisions of sedimentary rocks; in descending order: (1) Tertiary-rock aquifers, (2) Mesozoic-rock aquifers, and (3) Paleozoic-rock aquifers (Taylor and others, 1983; 1986). Within each aquifer group, rocks are further divided into aquifers and confining units on the basis of lithology, depositional environment, and hydrologic characteristics (Glover and others, 1998; Freethy and Cordy, 1991; Geldon, 2003). In a report describing consolidated-rock aquifers of Paleozoic age, 7 hydrostratigraphic units were defined, four aquifers and three confining units (Geldon, 2003). The hydrostratigraphic units of Paleozoic age are locally exposed around the margins of uplifts and in deeply-incised canyon; they occur widely in the subsurface of the Upper Colorado River Basin study area, except in parts of the Uinta, Wind River, and Uncompahgre uplifts where they have been removed by erosion. These hydrostratigraphic units are part of the stratigraphic sequence of Paleozoic rocks that has a total thickness of more than 5,000 ft. This digital dataset contains spatial datasets corresponding to the contoured subsurface maps of Paleozoic rock units produced by the U.S. Geological Survey's Regional Aquifer-System Analysis (RASA) of the Upper Colorado River Basin (Geldon, 2003). The data define the thickness, extent, nomenclature, and facies characteristics of principal hydrostratigraphic units of Paleozoic age in the basin. The digital data describe the following hydrostratigraphic units: the Flathead aquifer, the Gros Ventre confining unit, the Bighorn aquifer, the Elbert-Parting confining unit, the Madison aquifer (consisting of two zones, the Redwall-Leadville zone, and the Darwin-Humbug zone), the Four Corners confining unit (consisting of the Belden-Molas subunit and the Paradox-Eagle Valley subunit), and the Canyonlands aquifer (consisting of three zones, the Cutler-Maroon zone, the Weber-de Chelly zone, and the Park City-State Bridge zone). Contoured thickness and lithology data for each unit are contained in line features classes within a geodatabase; unit extents, facies extents, and formation nomenclatural extents are represented as polygon feature classes. Both types of data are also saved as individual shapefiles. Nonspatial tables define the data sources used, terminology, and the stacking hierarchy and component geologic formations of each the of hydrostratigraphic units.

LAPSE-RATE ground-based Doppler lidar datasets from Univ Colorado Boulder (other, 2020)
This dataset includes measurements obtained using the University of Colorado Windcube v1 lidars during the 2018 LAPSE-RATE (Lower Atmospheric Profiling Studies at Elevation - a Remotely-piloted Aircraft Team Experiment) field campaign. This campaign took place in the San Luis Valley of Colorado between 14-21 July, 2018. On 14 July, both lidars were co-located at the Saguache site for intercomparison. WC49 (here named DPLR2) was moved to the Moffat School site late in the day on the 14th. Moffat School data starts on the 15th. Bad or missing data is set to -9999.0 for all fields. The a1 and the a2 datafiles are identical except that the a2 files include beam information (0, 90, 180, or 270) that was omitted from the a1 files.

LAPSE-RATE ground-based Doppler lidar datasets from Univ Colorado Boulder (other, 2020)
This dataset includes measurements obtained using the University of Colorado Windcube v1 lidars during the 2018 LAPSE-RATE (Lower Atmospheric Profiling Studies at Elevation - a Remotely-piloted Aircraft Team Experiment) field campaign. This campaign took place in the San Luis Valley of Colorado between 14-21 July, 2018. On 14 July, both lidars were co-located at the Saguache site for intercomparison. WC49 (here named DPLR2) was moved to the Moffat School site late in the day on the 14th. Moffat School data starts on the 15th. Bad or missing data is set to -9999.0 for all fields. The a1 and the a2 datafiles are identical except that the a2 files include beam information (0, 90, 180, or 270) that was omitted from the a1 files.

LAPSE-RATE ground-based Doppler lidar datasets from Univ Colorado Boulder (other, 2020)
This dataset includes measurements obtained using the University of Colorado Windcube v1 lidars during the 2018 LAPSE-RATE (Lower Atmospheric Profiling Studies at Elevation - a Remotely-piloted Aircraft Team Experiment) field campaign. This campaign took place in the San Luis Valley of Colorado between 14-21 July, 2018. On 14 July, both lidars were co-located at the Saguache site for intercomparison. WC49 (here named DPLR2) was moved to the Moffat School site late in the day on the 14th. Moffat School data starts on the 15th. Bad or missing data is set to -9999.0 for all fields.

Kinetics Data of Iron(II), Manganese(II), Dissolved Organic Carbon and Nitrate from Batch Incubation Experiments Using Hyporheic Sediments from the East River Watershed, Colorado. (ess_dive, 2020)
Hyporheic zones act as critical ecological links between terrestrial and aquatic systems where redox-sensitive metals of iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) significantly impact nutrient cycling and water quality. In order to understand the production, release and speciation of Fe(II) and Mn(II) in groundwater, we conducted batch incubation experiments using sediment samples from a hyporheic zone of the East River floodplain in Colorado. The East River is part of the Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area (WFSFA) located in the Upper Colorado River Basin, United States. Collection and processing of the data is described in the Methods, along with details of data file contents. There are 6 data files provided in two formats: 1 zip-folder of .csv (open source) files, and 1 zip-folder of .xlsx (Excel) files. The data tables provided in the two formats are the exact same.

Data for 'Weak latitudinal gradients in insect herbivory for dominant rangeland grasses of North America' - D.R Kent; L.A. Souza; M. E. Smith; S.C. Pennings; J. S. Lynn; Jennifer A. Rudgers (other, 2020)
Patterns of insect herbivory may follow predictable geographical gradients, with greater herbivory at low latitudes. However, biogeographic studies of insect herbivory often do not account for multiple abiotic factors (e.g. precipitation, soil nutrients) that could underlie gradients. We tested for latitudinal clines in insect herbivory as well as climatic, edaphic, and trait-based drivers of herbivory. We quantified herbivory on five dominant grass species over 23 sites across the Great Plains, USA. We examined the importance of climate, edaphic factors, and traits as correlates of herbivory. Herbivory increased at low latitudes when all grass species were analysed together and for two grass species individually, while two other grasses trended in this direction. Higher precipitation was related to more herbivory for two species but less herbivory for a different species, while higher specific root length was related to more herbivory for one species and less herbivory for a different species. Taken together, results highlight that climate and trait-based correlates of herbivory can be highly contextual and species specific. Patterns of insect herbivory on dominant grasses supports the hypothesis that herbivory increases towards lower latitudes, though weakly, and indicates that climate change may have species-specific effects on plant-herbivore interactions.

Hybrid predictive modeling approach simulated evapotranspiration and ecosystem respiration data - Jiancong Chen; Anh Phuong Tran; S. S. Hubbard; Anh Phuong Tran; Jiancong Chen; S. S. Hubbard; Jiancong Chen; Anh Phuong Tran; Jiancong Chen; Anh Phuong Tran; S. S. Hubbard; Jiancong Chen; et al. (ess_dive, 2020)
This dataset includes measured data used for developing hybrid-predictive-modeling (HPM) approach and simulated evapotranspiration and ecosystem respiration data across several Fluxnet sites, Snow Telemetry (SNOTEL) sites and East River Watershed in Colorado locations. Fluxnet sites considered in this study include: Saskatchewan-Aspen (CA-OAS), Saskatchewan-Black Spruce (CA-OBS), Niwot Ridge (US-NR1), Tonzi Ranch (US-TON), Vaira Ranch-lone (US-VAR), Santa Rita Mesquite (US-SRM), Walnut Gulch Lucky Hills Shrub (US-WHS), and Walnut Gulch Kendall Grasslands (US-WKG). Snotel sites include: Butte (ER-BT), Porphyry Creek (ER-PK) and Schofield Pass (ER-SP). The 16 East River Watershed locations with different vegetation types are denoted by: evergreen forests (EF), deciduous forests (DF), riparian shrublands (RS) and meadow grassland (MS). This data package includes: 1) A summary spread sheet of the sites and acronyms for data variables. 2) Processed fluxnet datasets that are obtained from Fluxnet.fluxdata.org with HPM estimated evapotranspiration (ET) and ecosystem respiration (RECO); 3) Processed SNOTEL datasets obtained from www.nrcs.usda.gov/snow/ and HPM estimated ET and RECO; 4) Weather data at east river locations obtained from DAYMET (daymet.ornl.gov) as well as HPM estimated ET and RECO. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) datasets are obtained from Landsat 5, 7 and 8 on Google Earth Engine platform. Detailed QA/QC and sampling methods of measured data are available at the original data source.

Data from: Transmission pathways and spillover of an erythrocytic bacterial pathogen from domestic cats to wild felids (other, 2019)
Many pathogens infect multiple hosts, and spillover from domestic to wild species poses a significant risk for spread of diseases that threaten wildlife and humans. Documentation of cross-species transmission, and unravelling the mechanisms that drive it, remains a challenge. Focusing on co-occurring domestic and wild felids, we evaluate possible transmission mechanisms and evidence of spillover of 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum' (CMhm), an erythrocytic bacterial parasite of cats. We examine transmission and possibility of spillover by analysing CMhm prevalence, modeling possible transmission pathways, deducing genotypes of CMhm pathogens infecting felid hosts based on sequences of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene, and conducting phylogenetic analyses with ancestral state reconstruction to identify likely cross-species transmission events. Model selection analyses suggest both indirect (i.e., spread via vectors) and direct (i.e., via inter-specific predation) pathways may play a role in CMhm transmission. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that transmission of CMhm appears to predominate within host species, with occasional spillover, at unknown frequency, between species. These analyses are consistent with transmission by predation of smaller cats by larger species, with subsequent within-species persistence after spillover. Our results implicate domestic cats as a source of global dispersal and spillover to wild felids via predation. We contribute to the emerging documentation of predation as a common means of pathogen spillover from domestic to wild cats, including pathogens of global conservation significance. These findings suggest risks for top predators as bioaccumulators of pathogens from subordinate species.

Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) for Key Metabolism Enzymes (2019)
87 HMMs for key metabolism enzymes used in the manuscript: Lavy et. al., (2019) Microbial communities across a hillslope-riparian transect shaped by proximity to the stream, groundwater table, and weathered bedrock,

Data from: The individual and combined effects of snowmelt timing and frost exposure on the reproductive success of montane forbs - Gabriella L. Pardee; Isaac O. Jensen; R. E. Irwin; David William Inouye (other, 2019)
1. Changes from historic weather patterns have affected the phenology of many organisms worldwide. Altered phenology can introduce organisms to novel abiotic conditions during growth and modify species interactions, both of which could drive changes in reproduction. 2. We explored how climate change can alter plant reproduction using an experiment in which we manipulated the individual and combined effects of snowmelt timing and frost exposure, and measured subsequent effects on flowering phenology, peak flower density, frost damage, pollinator visitation, and reproduction of four subalpine wildflowers. Additionally, we conducted a pollen supplementation experiment to test whether the plants in our snowmelt and frost treatments were pollen limited for reproduction. The four plants included species flowering in early spring to mid-summer. 3. The phenology of all four species significantly advanced and the bloom duration was longer in the plots from which we removed snow, but with species-specific responses to snow removal and frost exposure in terms of frost damage, flower production, pollinator visitation, and reproduction. The two early-blooming species showed significant signs of frost damage in both early-snowmelt and frost treatments, which negatively impacted reproduction for one of the species. Further, we recorded fewer pollinators during flowering for the earliest-blooming species in the snow removal plots. We also found lower fruit and seed set for the early-blooming species in the snow removal treatment, which could be attributed to the plants growing under unfavorable abiotic conditions. However, the later-blooming species escaped frost damage even in the plots where snow was removed, and experienced increased pollinator visitation and reproduction. 4. Synthesis. This study provides insight into how plant communities could become altered due to changes in abiotic conditions, and some of the mechanisms involved. While early-blooming species may be at a disadvantage under climate change, species that bloom later in the season may benefit from early snowmelt, suggesting that climate change has the potential to reshape flowering communities.

High Resolution Aeromagnetic Survey, Villa Grove, Colorado, USA, 2011 (other, 2019)
This data release includes data collected from the Villa Grove helicopter magnetic survey in northern San Luis Valley and Poncha Pass region in south-central Colorado, USA. The survey area extends over the northern part of Great Sand Dunes National Park, Poncha Pass and vicinity, and into the southern end of the Upper Arkansas Valley. It includes the communities of Crestone, Villa Grove, Saguache, and Salida. Several U.S. Geological Survey programs (including the National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program, Mineral Resources Program, and Geothermal Program), as well as the Colorado Geological Survey, funded the survey. The data are part of studies to help refine our knowledge in this area about the nature of aquifers, the potential [...]

High Resolution Aeromagnetic Survey, Villa Grove, Colorado, USA, 2011 (other, 2019)
This data release includes data collected from the Villa Grove helicopter magnetic survey in northern San Luis Valley and Poncha Pass region in south-central Colorado, USA. The survey area extends over the northern part of Great Sand Dunes National Park, Poncha Pass and vicinity, and into the southern end of the Upper Arkansas Valley. It includes the communities of Crestone, Villa Grove, Saguache, and Salida. Several U.S. Geological Survey programs (including the National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program, Mineral Resources Program, and Geothermal Program), as well as the Colorado Geological Survey, funded the survey. The data are part of studies to help refine our knowledge in this area about the nature of aquifers, the potential for geothermal energy resources, the likelihood of seismic hazards, and the geology of the northern Rio Grande rift.

Data release for Geologic Map of the Poncha Pass Area, Chaffee, Fremont, and Saguache Counties, Colorado (other, 2019)
This release presents the GIS data (in GDB, shapefile, and e00 [coverage] formats) and metadata for a 1:24,000-scale geologic map of the Poncha Pass area in central Colorado. A cartographic version of the geologic map, including map unit descriptions, interpretative text, and accessory figures and tables, is being separately published as a U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map (SIM). The map area is irregular in shape, covering all of one 7.5' quadrangle (Poncha Pass) and parts of five others (Mount Ouray, Maysville, Salida West, Salida East, and Wellsville). The map boundaries were drawn to cover all of the "Poncha mountain block", coincident with the approximately 15-kilometer-long northwestern end of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. The map data convey the areal distribution of: (1) Proterozoic basement rocks forming the core of the Poncha mountain block, (2) overlying Tertiary volcanic rocks, (3) Miocene and younger basin-fill deposits, (4) Quaternary surficial glacial and alluvial deposits, and (5) faults and folds affecting all of the above units.

The East River, Colorado, Watershed: A Mountainous Community Testbed for Improving Predictive Understanding of Multiscale Hydrological-Biogeochemical Dynamics: Dataset - Carroll Rosemary; Carroll Rosemary; Carroll Rosemary; Carroll Rosemary; Boris Faybishenko; Boris Faybishenko; Boris Faybishenko; Boris Faybishenko; S. S. Hubbard; S. S. Hubbard; S. S. Hubbard; S. S. Hubbard (ess_dive, 2019)
This dataset contains snow water, precipitation, and discharge data collected from the East River watershed. This provides insight as to how the watershed works as a system and responds to hydrological perturbations.

Grand Mesa 2017-02-01 snow depth estimate (other, 2019)
Elevation difference (snow depth estimate for exposed ground surfaces) between co-registered WorldView-3 optical stereo DSM products from 2016-09-25 (snow-off) and 2017-02-01 (snow-on). These are preliminary products from the Stereo2SWE workflow, used to derive snow depth estimates from time series of very-high-resolution commercial stereo imagery. More formal releases of data products will be available in the coming years. Analysis of this dataset is presented in the following publication: McGrath, D., Webb, R., Shean, D., Bonnell, R., Marshall, H-P., Painter, T., Molotch, N., Elder, K., Hiemstra, C., Brucker, L., (2019), Spatially Extensive Ground-Penetrating Radar Snow Depth Observations During NASA's 2017 SnowEx Campaign: Comparison With In Situ, Airborne, and Satellite Observations, Water Resources Research, 55 (19), 10026-10036, doi:10.1029/2019WR024907. If you use these data, please cite the above publication.

Discharge data collected within the East River for the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Watershed Function Science Focus Area (water years 2015-2018) (ess_dive, 2019)
Discharge data collected at the East River in the Upper Colorado River Basin for the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area. Files contain instantaneous observed discharge data, corrected 10 min and mean daily discharge. Several sites also contain temperature and transducer depth. Please contact Rosemary Carroll if you have any questions or wish to access the raw data.

Data from: Seed size predicts community composition and carbon storage potential of tree communities in rainforest fragments in India’s Western Ghats - Anand M. Osuri; Mahesh Sankaran (other, 2019)
Fragmentation is ubiquitous across tropical forests and drives marked shifts in tree community composition by differentially affecting species’ dispersal, establishment and survival. Such compositional shifts can potentially alter ecosystem-level properties such as above-ground carbon storage, but our understanding of the factors linking compositional shifts to carbon storage is limited. We compared tree communities of contiguous and fragmented tropical rainforests in the Western Ghats (India) and assessed the ability of various plant functional traits associated with seed dispersal, establishment and survival processes to predict species’ responses to fragmentation. Further, we assessed relationships between functional traits that predict tree community turnover and those that govern carbon storage to examine how fragmentation effects on species’ composition can alter the ability of tree communities to store carbon. Seed size, as indexed by seed length, was the best predictor of species’ responses, with larger-seeded species declining in fragments. Across species, seed length was positively correlated with maximum attainable height, which decreased by 10% on average at the community level in fragments. Such shifts towards smaller-seeded communities could decrease forest stature and reduce above-ground carbon stocks by 8%. Synthesis and applications. Our study highlights a previously undescribed mechanism by which fragmentation-driven declines of large-seeded tree species can reduce above-ground carbon stocks by promoting shorter-statured forests. These results imply that strict protection alone might be insufficient, and that a multi-pronged conservation strategy would be required to sustain carbon stocks in tropical forest fragments. Such interventions will need to combine restoration programmes for large-seeded tree species in fragments with broader-scale efforts to maintain hospitable and well-connected landscapes for their seed dispersers.

Discharge data collected within the East River for the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Watershed Function Science Focus Area (water years 2015-2018) (ess_dive, 2019)
Discharge data collected at the East River in the Upper Colorado River Basin for the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area. Files contain instantaneous observed discharge data, corrected 10 min and mean daily discharge. Several sites also contain temperature and transducer depth. Please contact Rosemary Carroll if you have any questions or wish to access the raw data.

The Sagebrush Biome Range Extent, as Derived from Classified Landsat Imagery - Michelle I. Jeffries; Sean P. Finn (other, 2019)
This feature estimates the geographic extent of the sagebrush biome in the United States. It was created for the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agency's (WAFWA) Sagebrush Conservation Strategy publication as a visual for the schematic figures. This layer does not represent the realized distribution of sagebrush and should not be used to summarize statistics about the distribution or precise location of sagebrush across the landscape. This layer is intended to generalize the sagebrush biome distribution using Landsat derived classified vegetation rasters (Rigge at al. 2019), Bureau of Land Management-designated Habitat Management Areas, state-designated Priority Areas for Conservation for sage-grouse, the current range of the Greater Sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus), Gunnison Sage-grouse (Centrocercus minimus) and Pygmy Rabbit (Brachylagus idahoensis). Rigge, M., Homer, C., Cleeves, L., Meyer, D., Bunde, B., Shi, H., Xian, G., and Bobo, M. 2019. Quantifying western U.S. Rangelands as Fractional Components with Landsat. Remote Sensing of Environment, in Review.

rpS3 gene phylogenetic tree (2019)
A Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic tree of rpS3 gene dataset.

U-Pb zircon data for: The Poncha Pass and Deadman Creek areas, northern Sangre de Cristo mountains of south-central Colorado (other, 2019)
Geologic mapping, characterization of geologic structures, and sampling for geochronology was completed in two areas of the northwestern Sangre de Cristo mountains from 2011 through 2017. This data release provides the raw analytical data, metadata and sample information for 20 zircon U-Pb age analyses from laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS). The two areas include the Poncha Pass area where the entire 71/2' Poncha Pass quadrangle and parts of five other quadrangles (Mount Ouray, Maysville, Salida West, Salida East, and Wellsville) were mapped at a scale of 1:24,000 (see Minor and others, 2019). The Deadman thrust fault is the second area, approximately 80 km southwest of the Poncha Pass area, and has been preliminarily mapped at a scale of 1:2,000. Ten new U-Pb ages were determined for each area and include Proterozoic metavolcanic, metasedimentary, and metaigneous rocks as well as non-metamorphosed felsic intrusive rocks of upper Mesozoic-Cenozoic age in the Poncha area. Rocks dated in the Deadman area include Proterozoic basement rocks, detrital zircons in Paleozoic sedimentary rocks, and Mesozoic- Cenozoic felsic intrusive rocks. Minor, S.A., Caine, J.S., Ruleman, C.A., Fridrich, C.J., Chan, C.F., Brandt, T.R., Holm- Denoma, C.S., Morgan, L.E., Cosca, M.A., and Grauch, V.J.S., 2019, Geologic Map of the Poncha Pass Area, Chaffee, Fremont, and Saguache Counties, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3436, 3 sheets, scale 1:24,000, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3436

Discharge data collected within the East River for the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Watershed Function Science Focus Area (water years 2015-2018) - K. H. Williams; K. H. Williams; K. H. Williams; K. H. Williams; K. H. Williams; K. H. Williams (ess_dive, 2019)
Discharge data collected at the East River in the Upper Colorado River Basin for the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area. Files contain instantaneous observed discharge data, corrected 10 min and mean daily discharge. Several sites also contain temperature and transducer depth. Please contact Rosemary Carroll if you have any questions or wish to access the raw data.

The East River, Colorado, Watershed: A Mountainous Community Testbed for Improving Predictive Understanding of Multiscale Hydrological-Biogeochemical Dynamics: Dataset (ess_dive, 2019)
This dataset contains snow water, precipitation, and discharge data collected from the East River watershed. This provides insight as to how the watershed works as a system and responds to hydrological perturbations.

U-Pb detrital zircon data for: lower Paleozoic sedimentary rocks near Silverton, CO USA (other, 2019)
This Laser ablation ICPMS U-Pb detrital zircon data set supports mapping and stratigraphic interpretations of the Upper Devonian Ignacio Formation in southwestern Colorado (Silverton area). All samples were collected from a measured stratigraphic section called "Sultan Creek South" located at 37.710010 and -107.67530 (Evans and others, 2019). The Ignacio Formation was previously interpreted as Cambrian, but evidence that it is Devonian includes reexamined fossil data and detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology. The Ignacio Formation has a stratigraphic trend of detrital zircon ages shifting from a single ca. 1.7 Ga age peak to bimodal ca. 1.4 Ga and ca. 1.7 Ga age peaks, which represents local source-area unroofing history. Specifically, [...]

Sample collection information and microsatellite data for Gunnison sage-grouse pre and post translocation (other, 2019)
Maintenance of genetic diversity is important for conserving species, especially those with fragmented habitats and/or ranges. In the absence of natural dispersal, translocation can be used to achieve this goal. However, the long-term impacts from translocation can be expensive and difficult to evaluate. This dataset is used to evaluate genetic change as a result of translocation and represents samples collected before and after translocations were conducted.

Data from: No evidence that gut microbiota impose a net cost on their butterfly host - Nicole Kish; Kabir Peay; Alison Ravenscraft; C. L. Boggs (other, 2019)
Gut microbes are believed to play a critical role in most animal life, yet fitness effects and cost benefit-tradeoffs incurred by the host are poorly understood. Unlike most hosts studied to date, butterflies largely acquire their nutrients from larval feeding, leaving relatively little opportunity for nutritive contributions by the adult's microbiota. This provides an opportunity to measure whether hosting gut microbiota comes at a net nutritional price. Since host and bacteria may compete for sugars, we hypothesized that gut flora would be nutritionally neutral to adult butterflies with plentiful food, but detrimental to semi-starved hosts, especially when at high density. We held field-caught adult Speyeria mormonia under abundant or restricted food conditions. Since antibiotic treatments did not generate consistent variation in their gut microbiota, we leveraged inter-individual variability in bacterial loads and OTU abundances to examine correlations between host fitness and the abdominal microbiota present upon natural death. We detected strikingly few relationships between microbial flora and host fitness. Neither total bacterial load nor the abundances of dominant bacterial taxa were related to butterflies' fecundity, egg mass, or egg chemical content. Increased abundance of a Commensalibacter species did correlate with longer host lifespan, while increased abundance of a Rhodococcus species correlated with shorter lifespan. Contrary to our expectations, these relationships were unchanged by food availability to the host and were unrelated to reproductive output. Our results suggest the butterfly microbiota comprise parasitic, commensal, and beneficial taxa that together do not impose a net reproductive cost, even under caloric stress.

Data from: Coordinated species importation policies are needed to reduce serious invasions globally: the case of alien bumblebees in South America - Lorena Vieli; Cecilia Smith-Ramirez; Rodrigo M. Barahona-Segovia; Carolina L. Morales; José Montalva; L. Harder; Marcelo A. Aizen; Marina P. Arbetman; Agustín Sáez; Lucas A. Garibaldi; David William Inouye (other, 2019)
The global trade of species promotes diverse human activities but also facilitates the introduction of potentially invasive species into new environments. As species ignore national boundaries, unilateral national decisions concerning species trade set the stage for transnational species invasion with significant conservation, economic and political consequences. The need for a coordinated approach to species importation policies is demonstrated by the introduction of two bumblebee species into Chile for crop pollination, despite Argentina banning commercial importation of alien bumblebees based on expert opinion. The large garden bumblebee, Bombus ruderatus, was first introduced in 1982, and the buff-tailed bumblebee, Bombus terrestris, has been continually introduced since 1997 as part of the burgeoning bumblebee trade. Both species have subsequently invaded southern South America. Today, the consequences of the growth of the bumblebee trade for agricultural pollination ranks among the top 15 emerging environmental issues likely to affect global diversity. Documented impacts of these invasions include the severe decline and local extinctions of the sole native Patagonian bumblebee, Bombus dahlbomii, pathogen transmission, flower damage and nectar robbing of native and cultivated plants. Policy implications. The South American bumblebee invasions portrayed here should alert governments to the unintended consequences of the booming international bee trade. More broadly, this case demonstrates that one country's importation decisions can have policy implications for its neighbours without consultation. Regrettably, coordinated international measures to prevent species invasions are seldom considered in South America or elsewhere, despite existing legal frameworks. The bumblebee case and others provide stark evidence of the pressing need for coordinated specific and general international policies concerning global species trade and their implementation.

Discharge data collected within the East River for the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Watershed Function Science Focus Area (water years 2015-2018) (ess_dive, 2019)
Discharge data collected at the East River in the Upper Colorado River Basin for the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area. Files contain instantaneous observed discharge data, corrected 10 min and mean daily discharge. Several sites also contain temperature and transducer depth. Please contact Rosemary Carroll if you have any questions or wish to access the raw data.

Fruit/seed traits and phenology of trees in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar - Onja H. Razafindratsima; Amy E. Dunham (other, 2019)
This dataset contains information on fruit/seed traits of plants in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar as well as a summary of their fruiting phenology for the period of July 2012 - June 2014.

1660 clusters of ribosomal protein S3 (rpS3) amino-acid sequences (2019)
1660 Clusters of Ribosomal Protein S3 sequences.Files are archived within a ZIP file. From publication:Lavy et al., (2019) Microbial communities across a hillslope-riparian transect shaped by proximity to the stream, groundwater table, and weathered bedrock

The East River, Colorado, Watershed: A Mountainous Community Testbed for Improving Predictive Understanding of Multiscale Hydrological-Biogeochemical Dynamics: Dataset (ess_dive, 2019)
This dataset contains snow water, precipitation, and discharge data collected from the East River watershed. This provides insight as to how the watershed works as a system and responds to hydrological perturbations.

Forest Inventory of a Northern Hardwood Forest: Watershed 6, 2017, Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest - C. D. Johnson; Charles T Driscoll; John J Battles; Steven P Hamburg; Natalie Cleavitt; Timothy J Fahey; Gene E Likens (other, 2019)
Forest inventory surveys were initiated in 1965, repeated in 1977, and repeated at 5 year intervals after that; this data set was collected in summer of 2017. The inventory consists of a total inventory of all trees >=10 cm diameter-at-breast-height (dbh) on the whole of the watershed (13.23 ha), as measured in each of the 208 25 m x 25 m plots. Trees >=2 to <=10 cm dbh were subsampled using a 3 meter wide strip along one edge of each 25 m x 25 m plot. With the addition of tree tags in 2002 on all trees >=10 cm dbh, tracking of individual trees is now possible. These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.

High Resolution Aeromagnetic Survey, Villa Grove, Colorado, USA, 2011 (other, 2019)
This data release includes data collected from the Villa Grove helicopter magnetic survey in northern San Luis Valley and Poncha Pass region in south-central Colorado, USA. The survey area extends over the northern part of Great Sand Dunes National Park, Poncha Pass and vicinity, and into the southern end of the Upper Arkansas Valley. It includes the communities of Crestone, Villa Grove, Saguache, and Salida. Several U.S. Geological Survey programs (including the National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program, Mineral Resources Program, and Geothermal Program), as well as the Colorado Geological Survey, funded the survey. The data are part of studies to help refine our knowledge in this area about the nature of aquifers, the potential for geothermal energy resources, the likelihood of seismic hazards, and the geology of the northern Rio Grande rift.

Data release for Geologic Map of the Poncha Pass Area, Chaffee, Fremont, and Saguache Counties, Colorado (other, 2019)
This release presents the GIS data (in GDB, shapefile, and e00 [coverage] formats) and metadata for a 1:24,000-scale geologic map of the Poncha Pass area in central Colorado. A cartographic version of the geologic map, including map unit descriptions, interpretative text, and accessory figures and tables, is being separately published as a U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map (SIM). The map area is irregular in shape, covering all of one 7.5' quadrangle (Poncha Pass) and parts of five others (Mount Ouray, Maysville, Salida West, Salida East, and Wellsville). The map boundaries were drawn to cover all of the "Poncha mountain block", coincident with the approximately 15-kilometer-long northwestern end of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. The map data convey the areal distribution of: (1) Proterozoic basement rocks forming the core of the Poncha mountain block, (2) overlying Tertiary volcanic rocks, (3) Miocene and younger basin-fill deposits, (4) Quaternary surficial glacial and alluvial deposits, and (5) faults and folds affecting all of the above units.

The East River, Colorado, Watershed: A Mountainous Community Testbed for Improving Predictive Understanding of Multiscale Hydrological-Biogeochemical Dynamics: Dataset (ess_dive, 2019)
This dataset contains snow water, precipitation, and discharge data collected from the East River watershed. This provides insight as to how the watershed works as a system and responds to hydrological perturbations.

Discharge data collected within the East River for the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Watershed Function Science Focus Area (water years 2015-2018) (ess_dive, 2019)
Discharge data collected at the East River in the Upper Colorado River Basin for the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area. Files contain instantaneous observed discharge data, corrected 10 min and mean daily discharge. Several sites also contain temperature and transducer depth. Please contact Rosemary Carroll if you have any questions or wish to access the raw data.

High Resolution Aeromagnetic Survey, Villa Grove, Colorado, USA, 2011 (other, 2019)
This data release includes data collected from the Villa Grove helicopter magnetic survey in northern San Luis Valley and Poncha Pass region in south-central Colorado, USA. The survey area extends over the northern part of Great Sand Dunes National Park, Poncha Pass and vicinity, and into the southern end of the Upper Arkansas Valley. It includes the communities of Crestone, Villa Grove, Saguache, and Salida. Several U.S. Geological Survey programs (including the National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program, Mineral Resources Program, and Geothermal Program), as well as the Colorado Geological Survey, funded the survey. The data are part of studies to help refine our knowledge in this area about the nature of aquifers, the potential [...]

Data from: Landscape pivot points and responses to water balance in national parks of the southwest U.S. - David P. Thoma; Seth M. Munson; Dana L. Witwicki (other, 2019)
1. A recent drying trend that is expected to continue in the southwestern U.S. underscores the need for site-specific and near real-time understanding of vegetation vulnerability so that land management actions can be implemented at the right time and place. 2. We related the annual integrated normalized difference vegetation index (iNDVI), a proxy for vegetation production, to water balance across landscapes of the Colorado Plateau. We determined how changes in production per unit of water (vegetation responses), and the water balance amounts at which production shifted from above to below average values (pivot points), varied across dominant vegetation and soil types. 3. Precipitation (PRCP), actual evapotranspiration (AET), water deficit (D), and soil moisture (SM) explained 13 – 82% of variation in vegetation production. Along an increasing water availability gradient, vegetation responses to PRCP and AET increased, responses to SM decreased, and responses to D became more negative. We found tradeoffs between vegetation responses and pivot points within and across all vegetation types that were mediated by soil properties. 4. Synthesis and applications. The water needed by native vegetation to maintain production depends on plant traits. The water available to vegetation depends on climate and soil properties that change along environmental gradients. Tracking this biologically-relevant water availability in relation to water need provides an indicator of vegetation growth or stress that can help guide the time and place for management actions.

U-Pb zircon data for: The Poncha Pass and Deadman Creek areas, northern Sangre de Cristo mountains of south-central Colorado (other, 2019)
Geologic mapping, characterization of geologic structures, and sampling for geochronology was completed in two areas of the northwestern Sangre de Cristo mountains from 2011 through 2017. This data release provides the raw analytical data, metadata and sample information for 20 zircon U-Pb age analyses from laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS). The two areas include the Poncha Pass area where the entire 71/2' Poncha Pass quadrangle and parts of five other quadrangles (Mount Ouray, Maysville, Salida West, Salida East, and Wellsville) were mapped at a scale of 1:24,000 (see Minor and others, 2019). The Deadman thrust fault is the second area, approximately 80 km southwest of the Poncha Pass area, and has been preliminarily mapped at a scale of 1:2,000. Ten new U-Pb ages were determined for each area and include Proterozoic metavolcanic, metasedimentary, and metaigneous rocks as well as non-metamorphosed felsic intrusive rocks of upper Mesozoic-Cenozoic age in the Poncha area. Rocks dated in the Deadman area include Proterozoic basement rocks, detrital zircons in Paleozoic sedimentary rocks, and Mesozoic- Cenozoic felsic intrusive rocks. Minor, S.A., Caine, J.S., Ruleman, C.A., Fridrich, C.J., Chan, C.F., Brandt, T.R., Holm- Denoma, C.S., Morgan, L.E., Cosca, M.A., and Grauch, V.J.S., 2019, Geologic Map of the Poncha Pass Area, Chaffee, Fremont, and Saguache Counties, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3436, 3 sheets, scale 1:24,000, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3436

Vaccine driven virulence evolution: Consequences of unbalanced reductions in mortality and transmission and implications for pertussis vaccines - J. Metcalf (other, 2019)
Many vaccines have heterogenous effects across individuals. Additionally, some vaccines do not prevent infection, but reduce disease-associated mortality and transmission. Both of these factors will alter selection pressures on pathogens, and thus shape the evolution of pathogen virulence. We use a mathematical modeling framework to show that 1. the balance of how vaccines reduce transmission vs. mortality, and 2. individual variability in protection conferred, both shape the evolution of pathogen virulence. Epidemiological (burden of disease) and evolutionary (pathogen virulence) outcomes are both worse when vaccines confer smaller reductions in transmission than mortality. Furthermore, outcomes are modulated by variability in vaccine effects, with increased variability limiting the extent of virulence evolution but in some cases preventing eradication. These findings are pertinent to current concerns about the global resurgence of pertussis and the efficacy of pertussis vaccines, as the two classes of these vaccines may reduce disease symptoms without preventing infection and differ in their ability to reduce transmission. Furthermore, these findings point to the importance of generating precise predictions for virulence evolution in B. pertussis (and other similar pathogens) by incorporating empirical characterizations of vaccine effects into models capturing the epidemiological details of this system.

Grand Mesa 2017-02-01 snow depth estimate (other, 2019)
Elevation difference (snow depth estimate for exposed ground surfaces) between co-registered WorldView-3 optical stereo DSM products from 2016-09-25 (snow-off) and 2017-02-01 (snow-on). These are preliminary products from the Stereo2SWE workflow, used to derive snow depth estimates from time series of very-high-resolution commercial stereo imagery. More formal releases of data products will be available in the coming years. Analysis of this dataset is presented in the following publication: McGrath, D., Webb, R., Shean, D., Bonnell, R., Marshall, H-P., Painter, T., Molotch, N., Elder, K., Hiemstra, C., Brucker, L., (2019), Spatially Extensive Ground-Penetrating Radar Snow Depth Observations During NASA's 2017 SnowEx Campaign: Comparison With In Situ, Airborne, and Satellite Observations, Water Resources Research, 55 (19), 10026-10036, doi: 10.1029/2019WR024907 . If you use these data, please cite the above publication.

Identifying geochemical hot moments and their controls on a contaminated river floodplain system using wavelet and entropy approaches, Environmental modelling & software: Dataset - Bhavna Arora; Dipankar Dwivedi; Carl I. Steefel; S. S. Hubbard; K. H. Williams (other, 2019)
We used entropy and wavelet techniques to identify temporal variability in geochemical constituents and their controls along three transects within a contaminated floodplain system near Rifle CO. The objectives of this study were to: (1) identify hot moments of conservative and redox sensitive species as short time-periods with disproportionally high levels of concentration, and (ii) associate the transport and/or biogeochemical factors controlling this temporal variability. This data package includes tables from Arora et al. 2016a: Identifying geochemical hot moments and their controls on a contaminated river floodplain system using wavelet and entropy approaches, Environmental modelling & software, 85, 27-41. In particular, files include sampling frequency for geochemical data at the Rifle site, and results of entropy analysis.

Data Citation Guidelines for Earth Science Data , Version 2 - ESIP Data Preservation and Stewardship Committee (other, 2019)
Guidelines for developing citations for Earth and environmental science data generated by the Earth Science Information Partners (ESIP; www.esipfed.org) Data Preservation and Stewardship Committee.

Summary for policymakers of the global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services - IPBES (other, 2019)
IPBES is an independent intergovernmental body comprising over 130 member Governments. Established by Governments in 2012, IPBES provides policymakers with objective scientific assessments about the state of knowledge regarding the planet’s biodiversity, ecosystems and the contributions they make to people, as well as options and actions to protect and sustainably use these vital natural assets. The IPBES Global Assessment of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services represents the landmark product of the first work programme of IPBES (2014-2018). The Global Assessment was initiated following a decision from the IPBES Plenary at its fourth session (IPBES 4, Kuala Lumpur, 2016), and considered by the IPBES Plenary at its seventh session (IPBES 7, Paris, 2019). It is composed of a summary for policymakers, which was approved at IPBES 7, and six chapters, which were accepted at IPBES 7.

Pocket gopher (Thomomys talpoides) soil disturbance peaks at mid-elevation and is associated with air temperature, forb cover, and plant diversity - Jeremy Keene; Samuel Canfield; Ross R. Conover; Jennifer A. Rudgers; J. S. Lynn (other, 2019)
Burrowing mammals can be ecosystem engineers by increasing soil aeration and erosion and altering the structure of plant communities. Studies that characterize the constraints on the distributions of fossorial mammal disturbances to soil can help predict changes in ecosystem engineering under future climates. We quantified the density of soil disturbances caused by Thomomys talpoides (northern pocket gopher) over replicate elevation gradients spanning 2,700–4,000 m a.s.l. in the Upper Gunnison Basin, Colorado, USA. As a conceptual framework for predicting biogeographic variation in soil disturbance, we used the abundant center hypothesis (ACH), which proposes that species abundance declines monotonically away from the most abundant location in its distribution, with the assumption that ecosystem engineering scales with gopher abundance. We also evaluated the relative importance of abiotic and biotic variables as correlates of soil disturbance. Gopher disturbance peaked at mid elevations (~3,150 m), supporting the ACH. The best model for predicting gopher-caused soil disturbance contained both abiotic and biotic variables, with increased soil disturbance where mean annual temperature, forb cover, and plant diversity were greatest. Results suggest that mountain ecosystems may experience increases in gopher-caused soil disturbance as climate warms, possibly accompanied by increases in plant diversity and forb cover.