Concepts

An analytical approach where deviations from an individual's average behavior or phenotype are calculated to quantify and analyze how an individual's social phenotype may change over time.

Major histocompatibility complex genes involved in antigen presentation and immune response

Consistent individual differences in behaviour across time and contexts, concept known as animal personality, behavioural types, temperament or coping styles

Experimental design where seeds from broad elevational gradient planted into four common gardens in four treatments

Extension of the Lande-Arnold selection analysis using partial regression to partition selection among levels

Theoretical framework examining trade-offs between advantages and disadvantages of group living

A life-history trait that buffers marmots against climate change by allowing them to escape changes in climate and effectively expand their ecological niches

Ecological and life history traits that determine a bird species response to extreme meteorological events and vary with elevation

Risk of being consumed by predators, which differs between fish-containing and fishless streams

Organization of individuals within populations based on family groups and territorial patterns

Applied ecology approach to managing wild animal populations, including use of repellents to control animal damage