Concepts

Fungal symbionts that form specialized structures (arbuscules, vesicles) within plant root cells and are important for nutrient exchange

A group of fungal endophytes characterized by dark-pigmented, septate hyphae that commonly colonize plant roots and can increase under environmental stress

A measure of the evolutionary history represented in an ecological community, calculated as the sum of branch lengths connecting species in a phylogenetic tree

Distribution of metabolic rates over individuals in a community, obtained by summing over abundance

Plot showing cumulative number of species discovered as a function of sampling effort, used to assess sampling completeness

Percentage of leaf area affected by pathogen symptoms including powdery mildew, rust, and other fungal diseases