Concepts

The total number of offspring that an individual successfully produces and rears to independence over their entire lifetime

Complete or near-complete elimination of local populations due to environmental catastrophe

Differential behavioral responses based on whether female marmots are reproductive or non-reproductive

Lifetime reproductive output of individual organisms, measured as total brood cell production across all nests for female bees

The production of reproductives (males and new queens) by bumble bee colonies, measured as abundance of males in late season