Dispersal is the permanent relocation of an individual away from its natal burrow. This phenomenon is male biased in many mammal species and potential causes include inbreeding avoidance or resource competition. In this study, the dispersal behavior and exploratory excursion distances were recorded

Behavioral syndromes are widespread and can have important ecological consequences, since correlations between distinct behaviors shape how animals can respond to changing pressures and can limit behavioral plasticity. Various antipredator behaviors have been identified within behavioral syndromes i

Solitary mason bees in the family Megachilidae are known to be important pollinators worldwide. They are important pollinators of natural ecosystems and also are widely used for the commercial pollination of crop plants such as almonds, cherries, peaches, plums, and apples. Given that they are such

Foraging Red-naped sapsuckers (Sphyrapicus nuchalis) displayed a clear preference for interior willow branches branches (80% of all total wells) over exterior branches, and for east-facing branches (62% of all total wells) over west-facing ones. Interior branches were most likely favored because of

Black sage aphids, Obtusicauda frigidae, are infected by the bacterial endosymbiont Hamiltonella defensa. The bacteria confers a resistance to parasitism by the solitary endoparastic wasp Aphidius ervi. The bacteria also confers a number of other advantages to the aphids. Despite the number of advan

Gynodioecy is a dimorphic breeding system in which male sterile individuals coexist with hermaphroditic individuals in the same populations. In order for female plants to be maintained within these populations, considering that they do not achieve fitness through male function, they must have a fitn

Disease progresses differently in varying environments. In coevolutionary interactions, species that interact frequently may adapt to their environment and to each other in a process called local adaptation. However, there may be trade-offs between adapting to the environment and to a coevolving par

Mutualisms are mutually exploitative relationships in which the benefits to both partners outweigh the costs. Mutualisms are expected to exist in a fragile balance, and these interactions may vary, both across their geographic range and temporally. Valeriana edulis, a dioecious perennial, is host to

Recent blooms of Didymosphenia geminata in streams around the world where they had never been recorded before has generated new interest in the biology and ecology of this diatom. The species is often found in oligotrophic mountain streams where phosphorus limitation may determine productivity. Exce

Albinos plants are usually discriminated by their pollinators. Exist the possibility that other pollinator drive a reproductive isolation on this plants. To observe if an albino of a plant commonly pollinated by hummingbirds can be selected by other pollinator we used the F1s of albinos of Ipomopsis

Climate change is currently shifting the ranges of plant species, and while climate-based variables trigger migration, sessile plants may reach an expansion limit due to variations in the characteristics of local soils. To better understand the effects of soil on plant performance, we paired 13 year

Plant-pollinator networks shape the populations of flowering plants across the world. Ecosystems face increasing challenges that decrease floral density and threaten to restructure plant-pollinator networks. The responses of these networks will play a critical role in the fates of plant species, bec

Many invasive plants are equipped with a suite of mechanisms that can allow them to out-compete native plants. Recently, there has been growing recognition that invasive plants may affect native plants by luring away shared pollinators. The goal of this research was to explore the properties that ma