Animals are expected to maximize feeding success while minimizing predation risk; however, foraging and vigilance behaviors often conflict. I studied this trade-off in Golden- mantled ground squirrels (Spermophilus lateralis), with respect to human-created structures in Gothic, CO, site of the Rocky

Pollinator’s attraction to various species of angiosperms is based upon various sensory outputs. These attractants could be floral/inflorescence size, color, scents or other various types of pollinator attractants. It can be inferred that plants species that are more closely related will have simila

Many species produce individually specific vocalizations and sociality is a hypothesized driver of individuality. Previous studies of social variation focused on species that were colonial nesters or not, and social group size in sciurid rodents. If sociality is an important driver of individuality,

Partial ecological restoration of important attributes of Alder Creek, Gunnison County, CO, U.S.A., has been successful since the area has continued in its restored condition for over a decade. However, due to cattle grazing, the system is not self maintaining and, thus, requires continual managemen

In this study I tested if there is a correlation between bee size and size parameters of flowers the bees visit for pollen. In the plant community evaluated there are not many characteristics restricting the use of pollen by bees. Most of the plants analysed have open corollas and/or present pollen

Hummingbirds are known to select which floral resource to utilize based on visual and olfactory cues. The role that microbes play in mediating the mutualism between hummingbirds and flowers is mostly unexplored in the field of microbial and pollination ecology. Bee pollinators are known to be deterr

We studied the effect of varying amounts of soil nitrogen on Linaria vulgaris and native species. Linaria vulgaris is an invasive weed in the Rocky Mountains that forms monocultures, hindering the growth of native plants. The Rocky Mountain soils are nitrogen-poor, and we expected nitrogen-reduced s

A plants ability to resist high levels of herbivory may increase performance and fitness, then be favored by natural selection (Agrawal et al 1998, Karban 1993). The objectives of this study were to find if Chamerion angustifolium, Fireweed, develops an induced resistance to herbivory damage and if

Beaver Dam Analogues (BDAs) are human-made structures mimicking beaver dams and are implemented in restoration projects to slow flow, aggrade sediment, and reconnect streams to floodplains or create wetland conditions. Despite the recent popularity of this technique, very little monitoring occurs at

Sex and size allow for many different types of individuals within one species. These individuals can have different needs, which can influence responses to interaction, as well as what interactions take place between species members. We modeled how the sex and size of individuals of Valeriana edulis

Years of early snowmelt tend to have a decrease in floral abundance throughout the year. This causes flowers to be more susceptible to frost and drought stress. Based on which flowers are successful this can affect bumble bee diet breadth due to the direct correlation between bumble bee proboscis le

Other| September 01 1942 The Gothic Quest: A History of the Gothic Novela Gothic Bibliography Montague Summers. London: The Fortune Press; New York: Columbia University Press, 1941. Pp. xx + 621. $10.00. Ernest Bernbaum Ernest Bernbaum Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Moder

The caddisfly L. externus has been observed to have a decline in population density over the summer months as the larvae develop. However this pattern has not been formally tested, so collecting population density data is important for future research and understanding changes in densities over time

Native Bombus species are in decline in the United States. Since pollinators are such integral species in a system, the extinction of a single Bombus species could potentially have far reaching consequences on crop production and plant reproduction necessary for species diversity ad agriculture. How

In the first two decades of the 21st century the Colorado River Basin suffered a prolonged drought. Remarkably this period turned out to be arguably the most innovative and collaborative in the basin's modern human history. This working paper reviews the major events of the period, highlights some o

Plant reproductive success is often influenced by not only direct effects of flower-eating herbivores (florivores) consuming floral tissues, but also the indirect effects of pollinator visitation. Previous literature suggests that florivore damage can negatively influence pollinator visitation, cons