Generalist pollinated plants receive pollination services from a wide range of animals, but pollinator effectiveness varies. More effective pollinators in generalist systems optimize pollen transfer by promoting outcrossing between more distant plants. This leads to increased pollinator mediated sel

Climate Change, Phenological Shifts, and Species Interactions:

Phenology is an important life history trait. As altitude increases in alpine environments, the growing season shortens and flowering phenology is more compressed. Co-flowering could occur more at higher elevations as a compensation for the shorter growing season. However, interspecific competition

Invasive plants reduce native plant diversity both directly through competition and

Deserving of much appreciation are Russell K. Murphy, who assisted in navigating the rugged field terrain, and the E. C. Lorig family of Eagle, Colorado, whose friendship, generosity, and guidance were extremely valuable

Warmer than average temperatures and decreased annual precipitation caused by climate change are affecting the growth and reproduction of many species, including flowering plants. Climatic shifts may affect angiosperm functional traits, such as water use efficiency and nectar sugar concentration, wh

The loss of aboveground plant diversity alters belowground ecosystem function; yet, the mechanisms underpinning this relationship and the degree to which plant community structure and climate mediate the effects of plant species loss remain unclear. Here, we explored how plant species loss through e

The Quaternary period has been characterized by global climate and environmental

Rising temperatures are advancing the seasonal timing of flowering and pollinator activity in

When to reproduce for the first time is a key question in evolutionary ecology.