This study examined interspecific competition between mountain white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys oriantha) and Lincoln’s sparrows (Melospiza lincolnii) using a playback experiment. Mountain white-crowned sparrow males were presented with three different song playback factors: 1) a negat

Didymosphenia geminata cells, when secreting excessive exopolysaccharide stalks, can coalesce and form blooms that affect their local community. It is unknown what causes D. geminata cells to produce stalk, as not all D. geminata cells do produce stalk. Natural growth patterns and the potential for

Overwinter survival and cold tolerance are complex quantitative traits that are important in understanding adaptation to different environments. I evaluated 422 genotypes of Boechera stricta, originating form different geographic locations and elevations, in a common garden genome wide association s

Sodium is an essential nutrient for all animals, and in terrestrial ecosystems it is often difficult for plant consumers to obtain the necessary amount of Na since plants generally do not prosper in high salt environments. While carnivores get adequate salt due to bioaccumulation from their prey, he