Shifting flowering phenologies as a result of climate change have the potential to disrupt plant-pollinator interactions through changes in temporal overlap of flowering and pollinator activity, decreasing plant fitness. Understanding current plant-pollinator interactions is key to predicting how pl

Anthropogenic climate change is causing increases in global average temperature, changes in seasonality, and altered precipitation patterns which are linked to upslope range shifts, population declines, and phenological changes. This study examines the impacts of climate induced changes in snowmelt

Group size effects, whereby animals allocate less time to antipredator vigilance as a function of increasing group sizes are widely reported in many taxa, but group size is but one of many social attributes that could increase a individual’s sense of security. Indeed, meta-analyses suggest that grou

Nest-site selection is important in the determination of nest success in several bird species (Holway 1991, Wells and Fuhlendorf 2005). Birds that nest in high elevation breeding sites are under greater environmental stress, making it even more crucial for individuals to choose nest microclimates th

We investigated nutrient limitation in high elevation ponds in the Gothic, Colorado, USA area and whether it varied with elevation and/or degree of permanence. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are often the key limiting nutrients in aquatic systems that regulate algal biomass (Pick & Lean 1987; Heo &

American Red Squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) inhabit patches of conifer trees, relying upon the cones for food. They stockpile cones in middens, which are large piles of cones at the base of trees, and exhibit territorial behavior (alarm and warning calls) to protect their midden from squirrels

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emitted by plants as signals to other organisms and are interrelated with atmospheric chemistry and climate change. Typically, phenology advances and temperature increases with climate change. How floral volatiles of Ligustigum porteri influences its multitrophi

The beneficial effects of ants to myrmecophilous species is well established, but there is little empirical evidence demonstrating the benefits of such interactions for ants. The intent of this experiment was to determine how ants are affected by their interaction with the Aspen sunflower (Helianthe

The limitation of pollen available to pollinators and visitors alike may potentially direct pollinator visitation choice as well as the plant’s ability to provide pollen rewards, nectar rewards, and plant defense mechanisms. Such trade-offs exist in Polemonium foliosissimum A. Gray (Polemoniaceae) a