Primary nectar-robbers feed through holes they make in flowers, often bypassing the plant's reproductive organs in the process. In many robbed plants, multiple holes are made in a single flower. Why a flower should be robbed repeatedly is difficult to understand: a hole signals that a nectar forager

Abstract This research hypothesizes that changes in command and control along with increased levels of trust and training led to a stronger response in Colorado’s 2013 Black Forest fire than that of the 2012 Waldo Canyon fire. Because the fires were categorized as the worst in the region’s history,

Abstract Variations in tree water sources are important to understand in semi‐arid ecosystems because climatic shifts towards lower snowpack and increased drought affect water availability in subalpine forests of the western US. Here, we use daily in situ measurements of stable isotopes ( 2 H 18 O)

Collaborative forest restoration can reduce conflicts over natural resource management and improve ecosystem function after decades of degradation. Scientific evidence helps collaborative groups avoid undesirable outcomes as they define goals, assess current conditions, design restoration treatments

Abstract Ligusticum porteri (osha) is an important wild-harvested medicinal plant. Populations of this plant occur in meadows and forest understories in the subalpine and montane zones of the Rocky Mountains. We examined variation in the bioactive compounds of 44 methanolic extracts of L. porteri ro

The nonlinearity and fear hypothesis predicts that highly aroused vocal mammals and birds produce vocalizations (notably alarm calls and screams) which contain a variety of nonlinear phenomena (NLP). Such vocalizations often sound “noisy” because vocal production systems are over-blown when animals

In the next decade, climate models suggest that global temperatures will continue to rise. In the western United States, increases in temperatures and changes in precipitation patterns will escalate the risk of drought conditions. These potentially warmer, drier conditions could induce physiological

Abstract Body condition is an important life history challenge that directly impacts individual fitness and is particularly important for hibernating animals, whose maintenance of adequate body fat and mass is essential for survival. It is well documented that symbiotic microorganisms play a vital r

Workshops exploring environmental, social, and political scenarios to prepare for negotiating new Colorado River water management guidelines took on added realism when the COVID-19 pandemic started.

A recent article in American Antiquity entitled “Symposium on River Valley Archaeology” summarizes the present status of one of our most important and urgent problems in American archaeology today. Additional information concerning this subject, particularly with reference to the progress made in th

Abstract Body condition is an important life history challenge that directly impacts individual fitness and is particularly important for hibernating animals, whose maintenance of adequate body fat and mass is essential for survival. It is well documented that symbiotic microorganisms play a vital r

During 1981-82, a roadside/plot survey was conducted on National Forest lands in Colorado to estimate annual merchantable cubic-foot volume loss caused by ponderosa pine dwarf mistletoe in ponderosa pine.This survey indicated that 18 percent of the type was infested.The total annual loss of ponderos

Abstract The results of a gravity meter survey across the Wellington Field, Larimer County, Colorado, both before and after elimination of the regional effect is presented in relation to the subsurface structure of the field. The method of eliminating the regional effect is shown.This information is