Concepts

Duration that snowpack remains on the ground providing water inputs to trees

Temporal changes in groundwater storage volumes in response to climate variability and hydrologic forcing

The combined process of water evaporation from soil and plant surfaces and water transpiration from plant leaves, representing a major component of the water budget that increases with warming tempera...

The depth of water that would result from melting the snowpack, quantified as peak snow water equivalent and snow disappearance rate

CO2 efflux from soils to atmosphere representing combination of autotrophic respiration (root respiration) and heterotrophic respiration (microbial decomposition)

The bidirectional exchange of water between groundwater aquifers and surface water bodies including streams, with groundwater contributing baseflow to streams and streams providing recharge to groundw...

Human-induced nitrogen input that has doubled biologically-available nitrogen on Earth

Major form of organic carbon across aquatic ecosystems, fueling stream metabolism and mediating key biogeochemical processes

Mechanisms by which organic carbon is protected from decomposition in soils through physical, chemical, and biological processes

The study of water cycling processes in mountainous terrain, including complex interactions between snowpack dynamics, topography, vegetation, and subsurface water storage

The degree to which water movement is facilitated or impeded through connected flow paths in subsurface sediments

Genomic bins reconstructed from metagenomic sequencing data representing individual microbial taxa

The effects of long-term warming on hydrological processes, including changes in snowpack dynamics, growing season length, and water demand by vegetation

Mineral formation from ascending hydrothermal solutions

Shallow subsurface zone where river and groundwater mix, serving as a source or sink of reactive nitrogen depending on water residence times and nitrogen transformation rates

Coupled modeling approach simulating surface and subsurface hydrologic processes including groundwater flow and particle tracking

Removal of nitrate from porewater through denitrification and other biogeochemical processes

Accounting framework where annual discharge equals precipitation minus evapotranspiration minus storage changes

Organic carbon derived from sedimentary rocks that is often poorly quantified and influences soil organic carbon composition, age, and stability

Modeling approach that couples transport processes with geochemical reactions to understand subsurface flow and chemical interactions

Spatial variability in biogeochemical processes and solute sources within watersheds, particularly between shallow soil zones and deeper groundwater zones

Oxidative dissolution of pyrite mineral producing sulfuric acid and iron oxides under oxic conditions

Chemical composition of water occupying soil pore spaces, indicating mobility of dissolved constituents