Concepts

A modeling approach where downslope flow responds to rainfall or snowmelt recharge through accommodating new recharge within a rising water table within a thicker and more transmissive saturated zone

Dimensionless number comparing transport timescale to reaction timescale, used to determine whether transport or reaction processes dominate

X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure spectroscopy fitting method using reference compound spectra to identify chemical species

The transfer of CO2 from water to atmosphere through gas exchange at the air-water interface

Distribution of carbon between different reservoirs including atmosphere, subsurface, and exported dissolved phases during weathering processes

Mountainous regions with significant topographic variability that influences weather and climate processes

Physical separation method to isolate soil organic matter pools with different physicochemical protection mechanisms

Subsurface conditions where chemical transport is limited to diffusion rather than advection, creating oxygen-depleted anoxic conditions

Process controlling environmental tracer and groundwater age distributions in fractured rock systems through diffusive exchange between fractures and rock matrix

Parameters including recharge temperature, elevation, and excess-air conditions that control dissolved noble gas concentrations in groundwater

Changes in rock porosity and permeability due to mineral dissolution and precipitation reactions during weathering

Lateral movement of river channels through erosion and deposition processes over time

The movement of eroded soil and rock particles by water flow

Overland flow that occurs when rainfall intensity exceeds the rate at which water can enter the soil

The difference between observed streamflow and expected or baseline streamflow, representing water shortage