Concepts

The lowest part of the atmosphere directly influenced by the Earth's surface

Seasonal precipitation system occurring July-September in the central Rocky Mountains bringing significant rainfall to Colorado River headwater basins

Meteorological events that are rare for a particular place or time of year and can have major ecological impacts

Atmospheric turbulence generated by airflow over mountainous terrain leading to enhanced mixing and modified precipitation processes

The most recent period in Earth's history (~116-130 ka) when temperatures were persistently warmer than today, specifically the Eemian period at 125 ka