Concepts

The ratio of leaf area to dry mass, often associated with dry conditions as it reduces surface area and water loss from the leaf

Net production of plant biomass above ground surface measured as standing crop minus losses to herbivores

Plant characteristics that reflect ecological strategies, including specific leaf area and leaf dry matter content

Measure of soil acidity/alkalinity that may influence plant phenotype expression

Measurable morphological and physiological characteristics of organisms that influence ecological performance

The relative proportions of essential macronutrients (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates) in pollen samples

Distinct phases of bee flight period: emergence from nests, timing of peak abundance of foragers, and senescence

The percentage of ground area covered by a particular plant species when viewed from above

Maximum temperature of warmest month, capturing seasonality in contrast to average annual temperatures

Preserved plant specimens that are picked in the field, pressed flat, dried and attached to archival-grade paper with relevant information recorded, then stored in climate-controlled cabinets

Rate of nonsynonymous substitutions per nonsynonymous site normalized by synonymous substitutions per synonymous site (dN/dS)