Concepts

The functioning of ecosystems including processes such as carbon and nutrient cycling and storage, community- and ecosystem-level responses, and overall ecosystem properties and processes

The microbiome's ability to extract energy from dietary sources

Movement of seeds away from parent plants through various mechanisms including wind, animals, and gravity

The constraint of microbial activity and carbon respiration by water availability in soil systems

The reciprocal evolutionary change in interacting species driven by natural selection, where adaptations of one species create selective pressures on another species

Enhanced plant growth due to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations

asexual reproduction via seeds