Concepts

The horizontal and vertical distribution of components of a forest stand including the height, diameter, crown layers, and stems of trees, shrubs, herbaceous understory, snags, and down woody debris

The difference between the amount of moisture in the air and how much moisture the air can hold when it is saturated, indicating evaporative demand

Growth measurements adjusted to remove the effect of age-dependent growth patterns, allowing isolation of environmental factors on growth

The distance between branch whorls on conifers, used to measure annual growth

Light detection and ranging technology using laser pulses to create detailed 3D maps of vegetation structure