Protocols

Integration of ground-based GPR, manual measurements, and airborne sensors for comprehensive snow property mapping. Combines high-precision point measurements with spatially extensive remote sensing d...

Comprehensive ground-based cloud property retrieval using Ka-band radar for cloud boundaries, multifilter radiometry and sun photometry for optical thickness, and thermodynamic profiling for phase det...

Deployment of temperature loggers at multiple depths in aquatic habitats with half-hourly recordings over multi-week periods. Includes post-processing gap-filling using reference gauge data.

Tethered balloon system flights carrying aerosol instruments vertically through the atmospheric column to generate profiles of particle concentrations with altitude. Pseudo vertical columns are constr...

Standardized eddy covariance measurements of carbon dioxide, water vapor, and energy fluxes between ecosystems and atmosphere. Continuous automated measurements providing ground truth data for model t...

High-resolution scanning X-band radar system providing detailed precipitation measurements with dual-polarization capability. Performs volume scans and targeted range-height indicator scans for proces...

Fresh plant tissue is collected during peak hydration, weighed fresh, dried at controlled temperature, then reweighed to calculate water content as the difference between wet and dry weights.

High spectral resolution lidar measurement of aerosol backscatter profiles to detect aerosol layer boundaries and depth. Uses Haar Wavelet transform gradient detection to identify significant changes ...

Portable Optical Particle Spectrometer (POPS) measurements of light scattering by particles passing through a laser beam to determine particle size distributions from 140 nm to 3.4 μm diameter. Instru...

Retrieval of vertical temperature and water vapor profiles using infrared spectroscopy with optimal estimation physical retrieval method. Provides high temporal resolution (5-minute) profiles with det...

Small uncrewed aircraft systems equipped with pyranometers, multispectral cameras, and radiometers to map spatial variability in surface albedo, vegetation indices, and soil moisture. Flights timed to...

Remote sensing of atmospheric infrared radiances using Atmospheric Sounder Spectrometer by Infrared Spectral Technology (ASSIST) in wavenumber range 612-905.4 cm-1.

Uses ASTER thermal infrared data to identify areas of anomalous surface temperature. Areas with modeled temperatures between 1° and 2° above the mean are classified as weakly anomalous to anomalous.

Continuous measurements of surface energy budget, momentum flux, meteorology and soil properties using an atmospheric surface flux station. Data collected at 1-minute averages and 20 Hz resolution for...

Used optical instruments with lasers to measure size and fall speed of precipitation particles including raindrops, snowflakes, and hail.

CLAMPS2 Halo Streamline XR+ Doppler lidar directs beam to zenith for measurement of vertical velocity with range-resolved measurements of radial velocity, intensity and attenuated backscatter.

Use of ground control points to associate calibration images and video to real-world distances and provide pixel ground scale distance for each video.

Upward-facing MFRSR measures downwelling irradiance through sequential observations reconstructed from irradiances during various shadowband positions.

Thermistor chain with 2 cm spacing configured for terrestrial snowpack to measure continuous snow temperature profiles. Chain installed suspended from tripod with heating cycles to measure temperature...

Continuous hourly monitoring of meteorological variables including wind, temperature, humidity, snowpack depth, and radiation components using tower-mounted instrumentation.

Rain measurements recorded via tipping bucket rain gauge, though may not be accurate for winter precipitation events like snow.

Soil moisture measurements using the Lobe Differencing Correlation Radiometer (LDCR) L-Band microwave radiometer flown on aerial platforms.

Uses WIBS-Neo (DMT) to detect fluorescent bioaerosol particles (0.5-30 microns) based on excitation at 280 nm and 370 nm with emission detection at 310-400 nm and 420-650 nm wavelengths. Classifies pa...

Light intensities in lux recorded using HOBO data-loggers from 2008-2010. Readings taken exactly hourly at trap-nest sites.