Floral Traits, Pollination, and Plant-Pollinator Evolution in Subalpine Meadows
Explores how floral traits, scent chemistry, and genetic variation in subalpine wildflowers — especially Ipomopsis and related Polemoniaceae — shape pollination interactions, niche overlap, and evolutionary dynamics under changing climate and environmental conditions.
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Research Primer
Background
Flowering plants in the subalpine meadows around the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory (RMBL) depend on animal pollinators — hummingbirds, bumble bees, solitary bees, flies, and butterflies — to move pollen between individuals and produce seeds. The traits that flowers display to attract those pollinators (corolla length, color, scent, nectar volume and sugar concentration, timing of bloom) are simultaneously shaped by who visits them, who eats them, and the climate they grow in. Studying these floral traits and the interactions they mediate is central to understanding how Gunnison Basin meadows reproduce, how species coexist, and how mountain plant communities will respond as snowmelt advances and summers warm.
A few core concepts underpin the findings that follow. Pollination syndromes are the classic idea that suites of floral traits (red tubular flowers for hummingbirds, open yellow disks for flies, etc.) reliably predict which animals pollinate a flower. Floral larceny — a term coined for this literature — refers to flower visitors that take nectar or pollen without delivering pollination services, including nectar robbers that pierce the corolla. Cognitive ecology examines how learning, memory, and sensory bias by visitors (for example, bumble bees choosing whether to rob or visit legitimately) shape which floral traits succeed. Antagonistic selection arises when different visitors — say, pollinators versus seed predators — favor opposing trait values on the same plant. Reciprocal hybridization, in which two related species cross with each acting as mother in turn, lets researchers separate the effects of nuclear genes from cytoplasmic (maternally inherited) backgrounds, a tool used heavily in the long-running Ipomopsis aggregata × I. tenuituba hybrid zone near Gothic.
Because RMBL sits along a steep elevational gradient with decades of demographic monitoring, it has become a natural laboratory for asking how all of these forces interact, and how rapid environmental change is reshaping the floral phenospace — the multidimensional space of trait combinations available to evolution.
Foundational work
The earliest landmark studies at RMBL established that pollinators are not interchangeable and that plant fitness depends on subtle features of pollinator behavior. Waser (Waser, 1978) showed that Delphinium nelsoni and Ipomopsis aggregata, both visited by Broad-tailed Hummingbirds, suffer reduced seed set when their flowering overlaps because hummingbirds carry mixed pollen loads — direct evidence that competition for pollination can drive sequential flowering. Companion simulations (Waser, 1978) showed that such interspecific pollen transfer can rapidly exclude one competitor, selecting for divergence in flowering time or habitat. Price and Waser (Price & Waser, 1979) added that even successful outcrossing has an optimum: D. nelsoni seeds sired by neighbors at intermediate distances outperform those from very near or very far, revealing fine-scale outbreeding depression.
A second foundational thread examined the mechanics of pollen movement. Pyke (Pyke, 1978) formalized bumble bee foraging as optimal energy maximization, while Harder and Thomson (Harder & Thomson, 1989) showed that bees deposit less than 1% of pollen they remove, so plants benefit by dispensing pollen gradually across many visits. Inouye (Inouye, 1980) provided the standard terminology for floral larceny that the field still uses, and Campbell (Campbell, 1989) demonstrated that selection on floral traits acts through male and female function in different — sometimes opposing — directions. Chittka et al. (Chittka et al., 1999) synthesized how flower constancy by individual pollinators feeds back on plant evolution. Together these studies framed flowers as the product of competing selective pressures from many partners.
Key findings
Decades of work have demonstrated that floral traits are shaped less by tidy syndromes than by complex, context-dependent interactions. A global test (Ollerton et al., 2009) found that only about 1-6% of species in surveyed communities fall cleanly into traditional syndrome categories, and the closest syndrome correctly predicted the actual pollinator only about 30% of the time. RMBL studies sharpened this picture by showing that single plants face conflicting selection: pollinators, seed predators, and herbivores all act on overlapping traits in ways that can change year to year (pub_id:1194), and trade-offs between visitor groups are the rule rather than the exception (pub_id:429).
Nectar robbers, long considered cheaters, turned out to be ecologically ambiguous. Maloof and Inouye (Maloof & Inouye, 2000) reviewed evidence that robbers often pollinate while feeding and can have positive, neutral, or negative effects on seed set depending on the legitimate pollinator and floral resources available. Robbing rates vary from 0% to 100% across sites and years (pub_id:1926), heavy robbing can reduce male reproductive success by more than half (pub_id:2032), and yet in some species robbing has no detectable effect on seeds even when half the nectar is removed (pub_id:717). Plants appear to mitigate these costs in part through chemistry: dilute nectar deters bumble bee robbers without deterring hummingbirds (pub_id:1791), and alkaloids are concentrated in tissues but kept low in nectar and pollen, where they would harm pollinators (pub_id:1196, pub_id:606).
Pollen and resources jointly limit reproduction. Campbell and Halama (Campbell & Halama, 1993) showed that hand pollination and fertilization independently increased Ipomopsis seed production, contradicting a strict either/or view. Visitation rate is the strongest direct predictor of pollen receipt (pub_id:1857), but most pollen never reaches a stigma — over 93% of stigmas in a recent study carried zero fluorescent pollen grains (pub_id:66). Climate increasingly shapes these processes: hummingbird visits to Ipomopsis decline in years following high snow input (pub_id:937), early snowmelt is projected to drive population decline (pub_id:598), and roadside dust measurably reduces pollen receipt within meters of dirt roads (pub_id:834).
Current frontier
Research since 2020 has shifted decisively toward climate change and the question of whether floral traits — and the populations expressing them — can evolve fast enough to keep up. Long-term selection studies in the Ipomopsis hybrid zone document directional change in corolla length over five generations consistent with measured selection and heritability (pub_id:709), and floral traits show much higher heritability than vegetative ones (pub_id:280), implying real evolutionary potential. But experimental warming, snowmelt manipulation, and elevated-CO2 studies are revealing how layered the responses are. Powers et al. (Powers et al., 2025) found that floral volatile emissions in Ipomopsis aggregata respond to advanced snowmelt and that selection on those scents shifts with climate treatment. Wu et al. (Wu et al., 2025) showed that warming increased Ipomopsis nectar production by 41% and reduced seed-predator oviposition by 72%, while Wheeler (Wheeler, 2025) demonstrated that temperature and humidity together raise nectar volume but dilute its sugar — with humidity-driven volume increases boosting pollinator visits.
The sobering parallel finding is that adaptation may not be enough. Anderson et al. (Anderson et al., 2025) used nine years of data on more than 100,000 transplants of Boechera stricta to model eco-evolutionary dynamics and concluded that local adaptation and gene flow cannot rescue low- and mid-elevation populations, because the upslope migration required exceeds realistic dispersal distances (pub_id:6527). Campbell et al. (Campbell et al., 2025) reached a similar conclusion for Ipomopsis: evolutionary rescue through specific leaf area is feasible in only one of two threatened populations, and only when strong selection, high heritability, and plasticity combine. New frontiers are also opening in floral microbiology — nectar-inhabiting bacteria and butterfly-vectored microbes (pub_id:207, pub_id:58, pub_id:66) — and in cognitive ecology of robbing behavior (pub_id:433, pub_id:528).
Open questions
Major uncertainties remain about how trait evolution, plasticity, and dispersal will combine in real landscapes. Can plants track shifting climates through micro-environmental refugia (pub_id:511) when long-distance gene flow is too slow? Which floral traits — scent, nectar chemistry, phenology, or morphology — carry the most adaptive potential, and how do antagonistic selection pressures from pollinators, robbers, herbivores, seed predators, and pathogens (pub_id:56) net out under novel climates? How do nectar-inhabiting microbes mediate the hummingbird-flower mutualism in wild systems, and how do hybrid zones contribute genetic variation that buffers against climate stress? Reproducibility in floral-volatile research (pub_id:289) and better integration of cognitive, chemical, and demographic data are likely to be the methodological priorities of the next decade.
References
Aitken, S. (2025). An uphill grind for wild plant populations. Science. →
Anderson, J. (2020). Small spaces, big impacts: contributions of micro-environmental variation to population persistence under climate change. →
Anderson, J., et al. (2025). Adaptation and gene flow are insufficient to rescue a montane plant under climate change. Science. →
Arnold, S., et al. (2019). Pollen and vegetative secondary chemistry of three pollen-rewarding lupines. →
Brody, A., et al. (2013). Attracting pollinators and avoiding herbivores: insects influence plant traits within and across years. →
Campbell, D. (1989). Measurements of selection in a hermaphroditic plant: variation in male and female pollination success. Evolution. →
Campbell, D., et al. (2018). Clines in traits compared over two decades in a plant hybrid zone. →
Campbell, D., et al. (2022). Genetic and spatial variation in vegetative and floral traits across a hybrid zone. →
Campbell, D., et al. (2025). Predicting the contribution of single trait evolution to rescuing a plant population from demographic impacts of climate change. Evolution Letters. →
Campbell, D., Halama, K. (1993). Resource and pollen limitations to lifetime seed production in a natural plant population. Ecology. →
Campbell, D., Powers, J. (2021). Trade-off mitigation: a conceptual framework for understanding floral adaptation. →
CaraDonna, P., Inouye, D. (2019). Early snowmelt projected to cause population decline in a subalpine plant. →
Chittka, L., Thomson, J., Waser, N. (1999). Flower constancy, insect psychology, and plant evolution. Naturwissenschaften. →
Ferrer, J. (2025). Biotic and abiotic drivers of pathogen prevalence in a rust fungus with multiple plant hosts. →
Friberg, M., et al. (2022). An analytical pipeline to support robust research on the ecology, evolution, and function of floral volatiles. →
Garcia, M. (2025). A nectar-inhabiting bacterium may not influence female fitness in Ipomopsis aggregata. →
Harder, L., Thomson, J. (1989). Evolutionary options for maximizing pollen dispersal of animal-pollinated plants. American Naturalist. →
Inouye, D. (1980). The terminology of floral larceny. Ecology. →
Irwin, R. (1791). The dual role of floral traits: pollinator attraction and plant defense. →
Irwin, R. (2002). Variation in nectar robbing over time, space, and species. →
Irwin, R., Brody, A. (2000). Consequences of nectar robbing for realized male function in a hummingbird-pollinated plant. →
Irwin, R., et al. (2001). The impact of floral larceny on individuals, populations, and communities. →
Irwin, R., et al. (2018). Why are some plant-nectar robber interactions commensalisms? →
Irwin, R., et al. (2020). Bumble bees are constant to nectar-robbing behaviour despite low switching costs. →
Irwin, R., et al. (2021). The sensory and cognitive ecology of nectar robbing. →
Litchfield, M. (2025). Observing the effects of a nectar-inhabiting bacterium and nectar robbing on male fitness in Ipomopsis aggregata. →
Maloof, J., Inouye, D. (2000). Are nectar robbers cheaters or mutualists? Ecology. →
Manson, J., et al. (2013). Norditerpene alkaloid concentrations in tissues and floral rewards of larkspurs. →
Mitchell, R., et al. (2003). Linking pollinator visitation rate and pollen receipt. →
Ollerton, J., et al. (2009). A global test of the pollination syndrome hypothesis. Annals of Botany. →
Powers, J., et al. (2025). Natural selection on floral volatiles and other traits can change with snowmelt timing and summer precipitation. New Phytologist. →
Price, M., Waser, N. (1979). Pollen dispersal and optimal outcrossing in Delphinium nelsoni. Nature. →
Pyke, G. (1978). Optimal foraging: movement patterns of bumblebees between inflorescences. Theoretical Population Biology. →
Russell, A., et al. (2023). The dispersal of microbes among and within flowers by butterflies. →
Waser, N. (1978). Competition for hummingbird pollination and sequential flowering in two Colorado wildflowers. Ecology. →
Waser, N. (1978). Interspecific pollen transfer and competition between co-occurring plant species. Oecologia. →
Waser, N., et al. (2016). Drought, pollen and nectar availability, and pollination success. →
Waser, N., et al. (2017). Effects of road dust on the pollination and reproduction of wildflowers. →
Wheeler, S. (2025). Temperature and relative humidity effects on nectar quantity, nectar quality, and plant-pollinator interactions. →
Wu, X., et al. (2025). Effects of experimental warming on floral scent, display and rewards in two subalpine herbs. Annals of Botany. →
Concept (20) →
multidimensional phenospace
The extent of possible variation in a particular phenotypic trait where different dimensions represent the extent of phenotypic variation in two trait...
hybrid breakdown
Reduced fitness in F2 hybrids compared to F1 hybrids, often attributed to genetic incompatibilities between nuclear genes
enantiomer-selective behavior
Differential responses of organisms to different stereoisomeric forms of the same chemical compound
Schoener's index
A measure of niche overlap calculated as SI = 1 - (1/2) Σᵢ |pᵢₖ - pⱼₖ| where values approach 1 when resource use curves coincide perfectly and approac...
reciprocal hybridization
Crosses between two species where each species serves as both maternal and paternal parent, allowing study of cytoplasmic inheritance effects
total fitness
Population growth rate (λ) integrating all vital rate components equivalent to average fitness component across a lineage or population
local resource competition
Theory suggesting that offspring sex ratios might vary according to maternal condition, hence females should vary the sex of their offspring according...
pathogen transmission
Spread of disease between individuals through various mechanisms including spore dispersal
host preferences
trampling
Show 10 more concepts
allocation patterns
autonomous selfing
spillover hypothesis
antagonistic selection
Selection pressures that oppose each other within or between levels of biological organization
reproducible research
Research practices that allow independent researchers to reproduce results using the same methods and data
cognitive ecology
Study of how cognitive mechanisms govern decision-making by floral visitors and shape pollination and plant fitness
seed dormancy
A state where viable seeds do not germinate immediately even under favorable conditions
herbarium specimen collection bias
Systematic tendency for historical plant collectors to preferentially collect rare or uncommon species while avoiding common, dominant species
learned behavior
Behavioral patterns acquired through experience rather than innate programming
buzz pollination
Pollination behavior where bumblebees make vibrations that knock pollen out of plant anthers, fertilizing the plant and allowing quicker seed and frui...
Protocol (9) →
Microsatellite genotyping (Polemoniaceae)
PCR amplification of microsatellite loci followed by capillary electrophoresis for allele sizing and polymorphism assessment.
Pinene enantiomer scent manipulation (Polemoniaceae)
Controlled application of synthetic pinene enantiomers via cotton-filled microcentrifuge tube emitters to test effects of specific volatile compounds ...
diallel mating design (Polemoniaceae)
Production of F2 hybrid generations with alternate cytoplasmic backgrounds through controlled hand-pollination crosses. Allows testing of cytoplasmic ...
Acrylic leaf imprint stomatal analysis
Acrylic imprints of leaf surfaces are made on glass slides and analyzed under compound microscope to count stomata and measure their diameters.
Hybrid zone cline analysis over elevational gradient (Polemoniaceae)
Long-term monitoring of plant morphological traits across permanent transects spanning a hybrid zone between two Ipomopsis species along an elevationa...
reflectance-based chlorophyll index (Polemoniaceae)
Non-destructive estimation of leaf chlorophyll concentration using reflectance spectroscopy and vegetation indices.
Ordinal rust infection severity assessment
Weekly assessment of fungal rust infection using a 6-class ordinal scale from absent (0) to 75-100% infected (5), with infection location recorded.
negative binomial regression
Statistical analysis using zero-inflated negative binomial generalized linear mixed models to account for excess zeros in ecological count data, speci...
Fitness component quantification (Brassicaceae)
Comprehensive measurement of multiple fitness components including survival, reproductive success, fecundity, and growth rates to assess life history ...
Publication (368) →
The effects of mine disturbance and contamination on pollination of subalpine wildflowers
Earlier snow melt and reduced summer precipitation alter floral traits important to pollination
The effects of nutrient addition on floral characters and pollination in two subalpine plants, <i>Ipomopsis aggregata</i> and <i>Linum lewisii</i>
Selection of floral traits by pollinators and seed predators during sequential life history stages
Floral larceny: Implications, resistance, and the potential for tolerance
Plant responses to the joint effects of herbivores and pollinators
The causes and consequences of pollen defence
Competition for hummingbird pollination and sequential flowering in two Colorado wildflowers
Temporal and spatial variation in pollination of a montane herb: a seven-year study
Bottom-up effects of nutrient enrichment on plants, pollinators, and their interactions
Show 358 more publications
Comparative impacts of long-term trends in snowmelt and species interactions on plant population dynamics
Resource and pollen limitations to lifetime seed production in a natural plant population
Analyzing pollinator-mediated selection in a plant hybrid zone: hummingbird visitation patterns on three spatial scales
Early snowmelt projected to cause population decline in a subalpine plant
Adaptation and gene flow are insufficient to rescue a montane plant under climate change
Drought, pollen and nectar availability, and pollination success
Floral reward strategies, visitor behavior, and plant reproductive outcomes
Effects of experimental warming on floral scent, display and rewards in two subalpine herbs
Linking pollinator visitation rate and pollen receipt
The structure of plant-pollinator interactions in montane meadow environments
Roles of pollinators, seed predators, and vertebrate herbivores in maintaining females in the gynodioecious <i>Polemonium foliosissimum</i>.
Natural selection on floral volatiles and other traits can change with snowmelt timing and summer precipitation
Conditional Exploitation and Context-Dependent Fitness Consequences of Pollination Mutualisms
Measurements of selection in a hermaphroditic plant: variation in male and female pollination success
Responses to climate change – insights and limitations from herbaceous plant model species
Altered precipitation affects plant hybrids differently than their parental species
Phenotypic plasticity of floral volatiles in response to increasing drought stress
Genetic and spatial variation in vegetative and floral traits across a hybrid zone
Variation in nectar robbing over time, space, and species
Nectar Robbing in <i>Ipomopsis aggregata</i>: Effects on Pollinator Behavior and Plant Fitness
Phenotypic plasticity and selection on leaf traits in response to snowmelt timing and summer precipitation
Reciprocal benefits in a plant-pollinator mutualism
Nectar addition changes pollinator behavior but not plant reproduction in pollen rewarding <i> Lupinus argenteus</i>
The dual role of floral traits: pollinator attraction and plant defense
Phenological responses to multiple environmental drivers under climate change: insights from a long-term observational study and a manipulative field experiment
The hole truth: why do bumble bees rob flowers more than once?
Predicting the contribution of single trait evolution to rescuing a plant population from demographic impacts of climate change
Pollinator and habitat-mediated selection as potential contributors to ecological speciation in two closely related species
Is Plant Fitness Proportional to Seed Set? An Experiment and a Spatial Model
Integrating viability and fecundity selection to illuminate the adaptive nature of genetic clines
Components of Phenotypic Selection: pollen export and flower corolla width in Ipomopsis aggregata
The terminology of floral larceny
The impact of floral larceny on individuals, populations, and communities
Lifetime fitness in two generations of <i>Ipomopsis</i> hybrids
Predicting the effects of nectar robbing on plant reproduction: implications of pollen limitation and plant mating system
Nectar robbing in Ipomopsis aggregata: does high nectar production confer tolerance?
The sensory and cognitive ecology of nectar robbing
Facilitated exploitation of pollination mutualisms: fitness consequences for plants
The Boechera model system for evolutionary ecology
Effects of road dust on the pollination and reproduction of wildflowers
Bridging the generation gap in plants: pollination, parental fecundity, and offspring demography
Context-dependent reproductive isolation mediated by floral scent and color
Plasticity in functional traits in the context of climate change: A case study of the subalpine forb Boechera stricta (Brassicaceae)
Direct and indirect effects of pollinators and seed predators to selection on plant and floral traits
Realized tolerance to nectar robbing: compensation to floral enemies in <i>Ipomopsis aggregata</i>
Climate change disrupts local adaptation and favours upslope migration
Clines in traits compared over two decades in a plant hybrid zone
Beyond biomass: measuring the effects of community-level nitrogen enrichment on floral traits, pollinator visitation and plant reproduction
Predispersal Seed Predation Obscures the Detrimental Effect of Dust on Wildflower Reproduction
Ecophysiology of first and second generation hybrids in a natural plant hybrid zone
Herbivory and water availability interact to shape the adaptive landscape in the perennial forb, Boechera stricta
The evolutionary ecology of ultraviolet floral pigmentation
Birds Perceive More Intraspecific Color Variation in Bird-Pollinated Than Bee-Pollinated Flowers
Interpopulation variation and optimal mating in the perennial herb, Polemonium brandegeei
Effects of high temperature and early snowmelt on floral morphology and volatile organic compounds in <i> Ipomopsis aggregata </i>
Ecology and evolution of plant-pollinator interactions
Nectar production patterns in Ipomopsis aggregata (Polemoniaceae)
Pollen transfer by hummingbirds and bumblebees, and divergence of pollination modes in <i>Penstemon</i>
Climate change shifts natural selection and the adaptive potential of the perennial forb <i>Bochera stricta</i> in the Rocky Mountians
Photosynthetic and growth responses of reciprocal hybrids to variation in water and nitrogen availability
Genetic and environmental variation in life-history traits of a monocarpic perennial: a decade-long field experiment
Additive effects of herbivory, nectar robbing and seed predation on male and female fitness components of the host plant <i>Ipomopsis aggregata</i>
Effects of floral traits on sequential components of fitness in Ipomopsis aggregata
Consequences of nectar robbing for realized male function in a hummingbird-pollinated plant
Stimulation of flower nectar replenishment by removal: a survey of eleven animal-pollinated plant species
Optimal foraging: movement patterns of bumblebees between inflorescences
Predicting patterns of mating and potential hybridization from pollinator behavior
Evolution of floral traits in a hermaphroditic plant: field measurements of heritabilities and genetic correlations
Floral scent in natural hybrids of <i>Ipomopsis</i> (Polemoniaceae) and their two parental species
Interactions between nectar robbers and seed predators mediated by a shared host plant, <i>Ipomopsis aggregata</i>
Increased temperature and CO2 induce plasticity and impose novel selection on plant traits
Why are some plant-nectar robber interactions commensalisms?
Competition for nectar resources does not affect bee foraging tactic constancy
Are nectar robbers cheaters or mutualists?
Invasive plants and water availablity mediate outcomes of plant-pollinator interactions
Impact of nectar robbing on estimates of pollen flow: conceptual predictions and emperical outcomes
Norditerpene alkaloid concentrations in tissues and floral rewards of larkspurs and impacts on pollinators
Mechanisms of tolerance to floral larceny in two animal-pollinated wildflowers, <i>Polemonium viscosum</i> and <i>Ipomopsis aggregata</i>
Genetic and morphological patterns show variation in frequency of hybrids between <i>Ipomopsis</i> (Polemoneaceae) zones of sympatry
Quantifying direct vs. indirect effects of nectar robbers on male and female components of plant fitness
Bumblebee response to variation in nectar availability
Pollinator shifts and the origin and loss of plant species
The dispersal of microbes among and within flowers by butterflies
Bumble bees are constant to nectar-robbing behaviour despite low switching costs
Foraging strategy predicts foraging economy in a facultative secondary nectar robber
Effects of nectar robbing on nectar dynamics and bumblebee foraging strategies in Linaria vulgaris
The behavioral ecology of nectar robbing: why be tactic constant?
Adaptive speciation
Small spaces, big impacts: contributions of micro-environmental variation to population persistence under climate change
Floral phenotypic response of <i> Ipomopsis aggregata </i> and related hybrids to changing soil moisture and nitrogen enrichment
Density-dependent demographic responses of a semelparous plant to natural variation in seed rain
Pollen precedence and stigma closure: a mechanism of competition for pollination between Delphinium nelsonii and Ipomopsis aggregata
'Anti-bee' and 'pro-bird' changes during the evolution of hummingbird pollination in Penstemon flowers
Effects of flowering plant density on pollinator visitation, pollen receipt, and seed production in <i>Delphinium barbeyi</i>
Adaptive significance of flower color and inter-trait correlations in an <i>Ipomopsis</i> hybrid zone
Pollination, breeding system, and genetic structure in two sympatric <i>Delphinium</i> (Ranunculaceae) species
Reproductive isolation and hybrid pollen disadvantage in <i>Ipomopsis</i>
Investigating the impact of pollinator- and seed predator-mediated selection on floral traits in an <i>Ipomopsis aggregata</i> and <i>I. tenuituba</i> (Polemoniaceae) hybrid zone
When resources don't rescue: flowering phenology and species interactions affect compensation to herbivory in <i>Ipomopsis aggregata</i>
Environmental stressors differentially affect leaf ecophysiological responses in two <i>Ipomopsis</i> species and their hybrids
Optimal outcrossing in Ipomopsis aggregata: seed set and offspring fitness
Effective mutualism between sequentially flowering plant species
Evolvability and trait function predict phenotypic divergence of plant populations
A comparison of distances flown by different visitors to flowers of the same species
Pollen and vegetative secondary chemistry of three pollen-rewarding lupines
Inflorescence size: test of the male function hypothesis
Leaf physiology reflects environmental differences and cytoplasmic background in <i>Ipomopsis</i> hybrids
Nectar Yeasts in the Tall Larkspur <i>Delphinium barbeyi</i> (Ranunculaceae) and Effects on Components of Pollinator Foraging Behavior
Reproductive costs of self-pollination in Ipomopsis aggregata: are ovules usurped?
Comparing clines in floral and vegetative traits along an elevation gradient in an <i>Ipomopsis</i> hybrid zone
Pollen presentation and pollination syndromes, with special reference to <i>Penstemon</i>
Plasticity and changes in selection in response to changing precipitation regimes
Yeasts in nectar enhance male fitness in a montane perennial herb
A global test of the pollination syndrome hypothesis
Effects of nectar robbing on pollen deposition and hummingbird-pollinator behavior in <i>Ipomopsis aggregata</i>
Self-sterility in <i>Ipomopsis aggregata</i> (Polemoniaceae) is due to prezygotic ovule degeneration
Transgenerational and within-generation plasticity in response to climate change: insights from a manipulative field experiment across an elevational gradient
Life-history consequences of vegetative damage in scarlet gilia, a monocarpic plant
Selection of trait combinations through bee and fly visitation to flowers of <i>Polemonium foliosissimum</i>
Volatile organic compounds as signals for pollinators and their consistency across years
Pollen dispersal and optimal outcrossing in Delphinium nelsoni
Effect of Road Dust Deposition on the Floral Lifespan of Scarlet gilia, <i>Ipomopsis aggregata</i>
Pollen transport and deposition by bumble bees in Erythronium: influences of floral nectar and bee grooming
Trade-off mitigation: a conceptual framework for understanding floral adaptation in multispecies interactions
Asymmetrical pollen success in Ipomopsis (Polemoniaceae) contact sites
Unraveling the ecological and evolutionary impacts of a plant invader on the pollination of a native plant
A trade-off between the frequency and duration of bumblebee visits to flowers
Genetic and environmental variation in leaf traits and physiology of <i>Ipomopsis</i>
The effects of snowmelt date, soil moisture, and precipitation on nectar and floral morphology of Ipomopsis
Oviposition patterns and larval success of a pre-dispersal seed predator attacking two confamilial host plants
The effects of a bumble bee nectar robber on plant reproductive success and pollinator behavior
The effect of floral abundance on feeder censuses of hummingbird populations
Atypical flowers can be as profitable as typical hummingbird flowers
Effects of pollinators, herbivores, and seed predators on flowering phenology
Observing pollinator trait variation in relation to niche breadth in seasons of high and low precipitation
An analytical pipeline to support robust research on the ecology, evolution, and function of floral volatiles
Resource availability alters fitness trade-offs: implications for evolution in stressful environments
Butterflies show flower colour preferences but not constancy in foraging at four plant species
Demographic responses of hybridizing cinquefoils to changing climate in the Colorado Rocky Mountains
Elucidating the influence of a nectar yeast and nectar robbing on bumblebee foraging tactic constancy
Secondary compounds in floral rewards of toxic rangeland plants: impacts on pollinators
Dose-dependent effects of nectar alkaloids in a montane plant-pollinator community
Hummingbird avoidance of nectar-robbed plants: spatial location or visual cues
Elevated [CO2] and temperature augment gas exchange and shift the fitness landscape in a montane forb
The effects of road dust on pollination and reproduction of the native wildflower species, <i>Delphinium nuttallianum</i>
Genotype-by-environment interaction and the fitness of plant hybrids in the wild
Plasticity in Ipomopsis flower color and nectar production over space and time in response to water availability
Food supply and nest timing of broad-tailed hummingbirds in the Rocky Mountains
Quantifying Nectar Resources in Bumble Bee Visited Plants
Attracting pollinators and avoiding herbivores: insects influence plant traits within and across years
Heterogeneity among floral visitors leads to discordance between removal and deposition of pollen
Biotic and abiotic drivers of pathogen prevalence in a rust fungus with multiple plant hosts
Variability in the effectiveness of <i>Penstemon strictus</i> pollinators and the role that water availability plays
Using the literature to test pollination syndromes - some methodological cautions
Pollinator-mediated selection on a flower color polymorphism in experimental populations of <i>Antirrhinum</i> (Scrophulariaceae)
Elevational and temporal variation in Ipomopsis floral and vegetative traits.
Water-use efficiency may influence the distribution of <i>Ipomopsis aggregata</i>, <i>I. tenuituba</i>, and their natural hybrids along an environmental gradient
Indirect selection of stigma position in Ipomopsis aggregata via a genetically correlated trait
Spatial genetic heterogeneity in a population of the montane perennial plant Delphinium nelsonii
Seed set and seed mass in <i>Ipomopsis aggregata</i>: variance partitioning and inferences about postpollination selection
Effects of Experimental Water Addition on Floral Nectar Traits
The maintenance of flower colour polymorphism in self-pollinating <i>Boechera stricta</i>
The Impact of Primary and Secondary Robbing on Hummingbird Pollination.
Variation in bill morphology and pollen prevalence in the Broad-Tailed Hummingbird (<i>Selasphorus platycercus</i>)
Costs and benefits of alternative food handling tactics help explain facultative exploitation of pollination mutualisms
Pollinator behaviour and natural selection for flower colour in Delphinium nelsonii
Road Dust, <i>Ipomopsis aggregata</i> Seed Count, and attack by <i>Hylemya</i> Flies—Are they Linked?
Fit or Unlit: using quantum dots to investigate the effects of a floricolous yeast and nectar robbing on male fitness in Ipomopsis aggregata
Comparing pollen dispersal and gene flow in a natural plant population
Pollen and gene dispersal: the influences of competition for pollination
A nectar-inhabiting bacterium may not influence female fitness in Ipomopsis aggregata
How does road dust influence Ipomopsis pollination?
Experimental studies of pollen carryover: hummingbirds and Ipomopsis aggregata
Investigating the potential mechanism behind bumble bee preference for Corydalis flowers inhabited by nectar specialist yeast
Sweet and salty: Pollinators and sodium-enriched nectar
Consequences of pollen defense compounds for pollinators and antagonists in a pollen rewarding plant
Effects of Interspecific Pollen Transfer (IPT) in a Specialist and a Generalist Flower
Variation in pollinator preference between two <i>Ipomopsis</i> contact sites that differ in hybridization rate
The spatial variation of leaf traits in <i> Ipomopsis </i> according to soil moisture and snow depth
The effects of Castilleja miniata's parasitic relationship with Delphinium nuttallianum on pollinator visitation and pollination success
Using phenotypic manipulations to study multivariate selection of floral trait associations
The Effects of Early Snowmelt on Drought Stress in Subalpine Plant Species
A study of correlational selection through floral manipulations of <i></i>Polemonium foliosissimum<i></i> (Polemoniaceae)
Determining changes in floral volatile composition of <i> Ipomopsis aggregata </i> in response to nectar robbing and its associated microorganisms
Snowmelt Timing Leads to Plasticity and Alters Natural Selection on Leaf Traits in <i> Ipomopsis </i>
Resistance to pre-dispersal seed predators in a natural hybrid zone
The Effects of Exclusion Bags and Open-Top Chambers on Pollinator Activity
Reproductive biology of a North American subalpine plant: <i>Corydalis caseana</i> A. Gray ssp. <i>brandegei</i> (S. Watson) G. B. Ownbey
Pollen transfer by natural hybrids and parental species in an <i>Ipomopsis</i> hybrid zone
Evolutionary options for maximizing pollen dispersal of animal-pollinated plants
The effects of ungulate herbivory and nutrient variation on pollen reciept in Ipomopsis aggregata
Effects of water availability on expression of vegetative traits in Ipomopsis across space and time
Trapline foraging by pollinators: its ontogeny, economics and possible consequences for plants
Optimal foraging in hummingbirds: testing the marginal value theorem
Impacts of snowmelt timing and precipitation on the expression of vegetative traits and floral traits in <i>Ipomopsis aggregata</i>
The spatial scale of genetic differentiation in a hummingbird-pollinated plant: comparison with models of isolation by distance
The Impact of Delphinium nuttallianum and Ipomopsis aggregata Phenology on Broad-tailed Hummingbird (Selasphorus platycercus) Visitation Patterns
Optimal foraging in bumblebees and coevolution with their plants
The effects of floral fragrance manipulations of <i>Ipomopsis aggregata</i> on the seed predator <i>Hylemya</i>
Nectar sugar limits larval growth of solitary bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
Pollinators of the Rocky Mountain columbine: temporal variation, functional groups and associations with floral traits
Nectar robbing patterns in Ipomopsis aggregata and Linaria vulgaris
Correlating road dust with reproduction of Ipomopsis aggregate.
Consequences of Pollination Neighborhood Composition and Pollinator Communities
Flower constancy, insect psychology, and plant evolution
Bill Morphology and Niche Partitioning in <i>Selasphorus platycercus</i>
The Impact of Delphinium nuttallianum and Ipomopsis aggregata Phenology on Broad tailed Hummingbird (Selasphorus platycercus) Visitation Patterns
The impacts of early snowmelt and summer precipitation on the physiology and leaf morphology of <i>Ipomopsis aggregata</i>
Pollinator selection by floral traits and color in a hybrid zone of <i>Ipomopsis aggregata</i> and <i>I. tenuituba</i> (Polemoniaceae)
Constrained lability in floral evolution: counting convergent origins of hummingbird pollination in <i>Keckiella</i> and <i>Penstemon</i>
Plant reproduction and optimal foraging: experimental nectar manipulations in Delphinium nelsonii
Fungal Phytopathogens Decrease Plant-Insect Interactions.
Evolutionary dynamics of an <i>Ipomopsis</i> hybrid zone: confronting models with lifetime fitness data
Quantifying the effects of pollen load and heterospecific pollen ratio on the species <i>Delphinium barbeyi</i> (Ranunculaceae)
Effects of floral traits, pollinator visitation, and plant size on Ipomopsis aggregata fruit production
Efficient harvesting of renewing resources
Consequences of Nectar Robbing in Colorado Wildflowers: Insect Variation and Nectar Sugar Concentration
Volatile production by the buds and corollas of two sympatric, confamial plants, Ipomopsis aggregata and Polemonium foliosissimum
Optimal nectar production in a hummingbird pollinated plant
Effect of Nitrogen on Linaria vulgaris and Native Species
Patchiness in the dispersion of nectar resources: evidence for hot and cold spots
An uphill grind for wild plant populations
The effects of the invasive plant <i>Linaria vulgaris</i> on native plant fitness and pollinator behavior
Patterns of color and nectar variation across an <i>Ipomopsis</i> (Polemoniaceae) hybrid zone
Hybridization and pollinator behavior in <i>Castilleja</i> (Orobanchaceae)
Investigating the Effect of Drought on Floral Traits Mediating Pollinator Interactions
In your stomach or in your nectar? Disentangling the effects of two pollination-related yeasts on bumblebee behavior and foraging
Why red flowers are not invisible to bees
Testing the oviposition cues that drive preference of <i></i>Hylemya<i></i> for different sexes of <i></i>Polemonium foliosissimum<i></i>
Dynamic nectar replenishment in flowers of <i>Penstemon</i> (Scrophulariaceae)
Characterizing nectar content in wet and dry subalpine meadows during an extreme summer drought
The effects of water and phosphorus on floral traits and nectar production of <i>Ipomopsis aggregata</i>
Ecological causes and consequences of flower color polymorphism in <i>Boechera stricta</i>
Physiological and Morphological Changes in Ipomopsis aggregata Along an Elevational Gradient
Does road dust affect growth rates in <i>Ipomopsis aggregata</i>?
Does Road Dust Affect Hylemya Oviposition in Scarlet Gilia (<i>Ipomopsis aggregata</i>)?
Geographical variation in hybridization of <i>Ipomopsis</i> (Polemoniaceae): testing the role of photosynthetic responses to temperature and water
Comment on Cognition-mediated evolution of low-quality floral nectars.
Differential success of pollen donors in a self-compatible lily
The effect of Delphinium nelsonii pollen on seed set in Ipomopsis aggregata, a competitor for hummingbird pollination
Rescue of stranded pollen grains by secondary transfer
Geitonogamy: the neglected side of selfing
The effect of nectar guides on pollinator preference: experimental studies with a montane herb
Reciprocal transplant experiments with Delphinium nelsonii (Ranunculaceae): evidence for local adaptation
Floral color change in <i>Lupinus Argenteus</i> (Fabaceae): Why should plants advertise the location of unrewarding flowers to pollinators?
Experimental studies of pollen carryover: effects of floral variability in Ipomopsis aggregata
Optimal foraging, plant density and the marginal value theorem
Optimal foraging in hummingbirds: rule of movement between inflorescences
Pollinator foraging behavior and gene dispersal in Senecio (Compositae)
Improving our chemistry: Challenges and opportunities in the interdisciplinary study of floral volatiles
Hierarchical analysis of allozymic and morphometric variation in a montane herb, Ipomopsis aggregata (Polemoniaceae)
Interactions among nectar robbing, floral herbivory, and ant protection in <i>Linaria vulgaris</i>
Consequences of secondary nectar robbing for male components of plant reproduction
Testing the marginal value theorem on Bombus appositus and Bombus nevadensis
40 years of progress in pollination biology, and what it means for citizen scientists
Observing the effects of a nectar-inhabiting bacterium, Pantoea sp., and nectar robbing on male fitness in Ipomopsis aggregata
Effects of nectar robbing on the volatile organic compounds and nectar chemistry of intraindividual flowers in <i> Corydalis caseana </i> ssp. <i> brandegeei </i>
Do the differing pollen foraging strategies of <i>Megachile sp.</i> and <i>Bombus spp.</i> result in differing pollen removal and deposition rates in <i>Lupinus bakeri</i>?
Floral herbivory: a possible mechanism maintaining a flower color polymorphism in a selfing species, Boechera stricta.
The effects of primary and secondary nectar robbing of Ipomopsis aggregata on hummingbird visitation.
The effects of floral traits on the behaviors of pollinators and pre-dispersal seed predators in a gynodioecious species, <i>Polemonium foliosissimum</i>.
Does road dust affect reproduction of <i>Delphinium nelsonii</i> and <i>Ipomopsis aggregata</i>
The Effects of Soil Nitrogen Availability on Plant Reproduction and Solitary Bee Behavior
Pollinator-mediate selection in Ipomopsis aggregata: does correlational selection explain floral phenotypes?
Effects of multi-species interactions in gynodioecious populations of <i>Polemonium foliosissimum</i>
Optimal foraging in bumblebees: rule of movement between flowers within inflorescences
Tests of pre- and postpollination barriers to hybridization between sympatric species of <i>Ipomopsis</i> (Polemoniaceae)
Olfactory versus visual cues in a floral mimicry system
Color polymorphism in <i>Boechera stricta</i> due to phenotypic plasticity and reproductive advantage
Geographic variation in flowering phenology in Boechera stricta: testing for adaptive response to climate across the species range
Plant-Pollinator Interactions between Erigeron speciosus and Heterotheca villosa in Virginia Basin
Temperature and relative humidity effects on nectar quantity, nectar quality, and plant-pollinator interactions
Relative success of self and outcross pollen comparing mixed- and single-donor pollinations in <i>Aquilegia caerulea</i>
Bumblebee foraging responses to variation in floral scent and color in snapdragons (Antirrhinum: Scrophulariaceae)
Testing evolutionary and ecological hypotheses using path analysis and structural equation modelling
Effects of water availability on the relationship between seed set and pollen received in Ipomopsis aggregate.
Foraging in bumblebees: rule of departure from an inflorescence
Trapline foraging by bumblebees: I. Persistence of flight-path geometry
Evolutionary options for maximizing pollen dispersal of animal-pollinated plants
Climate Change Affects Boechera stricta Genotypes Through Local Maladaptation
Seed dispersal in Erythronium grandiflorum (Liliaceae)
Variation in sex allocation and floral morphology in Ipomopsis aggregata (Polemoniaceae)
Mysteries of road dust: Does road dust influence flower lifespan in scarlet gilia?
The distribution of standing crop of nectar: what does it really tell us?
Pollination, angiosperm speciation, and the nature of species boundaries
Does road dust have an effect on nectar production in <i> pomopsis aggregata </i>?
The pollination ecology of Aquilegia elegantula and A. caerulea (Ranunculaceae) in Colorado
Local adaption in <i>Boechera stricta</i> in the context of climate change
The timing of seed dispersal in Viola nuttallii: attraction of dispersers and avoidance of predators
The Nest Chemistry of Two Seed-Dispersing Ant SPecies
Bringing the male side of plant sex into focus
Systematic increase in pollen carryover and its consequences for geitonogamy in plant populations
Talking Yeast: The characterization of bumblebee- and nectar- specialist yeast volatiles in Corydalis caseana
The evolution of plant mating systems: multilocus simulations of pollen dispersal
Color preference of Speyeria mormonia
Optimal foraging in bumblebees: hunting by expectation
DOES LINARIA VULGARIS, AN INVASIVE, INTERFERE WITH THE POLLINATION OF THE NATIVE SPECIES, POTENTILLA PULCHERRIMA?
Bumblebee foraging at a "hummingbird" flower: reward economics and floral choice
Gender inequality in predispersal seed predation contributes to female seed set advantage in a gynodioecious species
Quantitative genetics of sequential life-history and juvenile traits in the partially selfing perennial, <i>Aquilegia caerulea</i>
Hybridization between the invasives <i>Tragopogon pratensis</i> and <i>T. dubius</i> in the Gunnison Valley
Variation in pollen flow within and among populations of Ipomopsis aggregata
Accounting for the nested nature of genetic variation across levels of organization improves our understanding of biodiversity and community ecology
Microsatellite loci in <i>Ipomopsis aggregata</i> (Polemoniaceae) and cross-species applicability for ecological genetics studies
The breeding systems of six species of <i>Arabis</i> (Brassicaceae)
The effect of nectar production on neighborhood size
Optimal foraging: a case for random movement
Impact of insect pollinator group and floral display size on outcrossing rate
Patchiness in the dispersion of nectar resources: probable causes
Floral mimicry by a plant pathogen
Floral sex allocation in sequentially blooming plants
Pollinator flight directionality and the assessment of pollen returns
Interspecific pollen transfer and competition between co-occurring plant species
Sources of variation in plant reproductive success, and implications for concepts of sexual selection
Optimal foraging in bumblebees: calculation of net rate of energy intake and optimal patch choice
Functions of staminate flowers in andromonoecious <i>Pseudocymopterus montanus</i> (Apiaceae, Apioideae)
Floral morphology and cross-pollination in Erythronium grandiflorum (Liliaceae)
Dispersal of Erythronium grandiflorum pollen by bumblebees: implications for gene flow and reproductive success
Flowering plant density and pollinator visitation in Senecio
Cryptic species in the Puccinia monoica complex
Optimal foraging: random movement by pollen collecting bumblebees
Optimal foraging in bumblebees: why is nectar left behind in flowers?
Bedazzled by flowers
What plant ecologists can learn from zoology
The effect of plant density on departure decisions: testing the marginal value theorem using bumblebees and Delphinium nelsonii
Multiple paternity in fruits of <i>Ipomopsis aggregata</i> (Polemoniaceae)
Hypotheses for the evolution of dioecy in seed plants
A plant pathogen influences pollinator behavior and may influence reproduction of nonhosts
Patterns of rust infection as a function of host genetic diversity and host density in natural populations of the apomictic crucifer, <i>Arabis holboellii</i>
Crossing distance effects on prezygotic performance in plants: an argument for female choice
Germination schedules of pollen grains: implications for pollen selection
Pollen tube attrition in Erythronium grandiflorum
Pollen-pollen and pollen-style interactions during pollen tube growth in Erythronium grandiflorum (Liliaceae)
Experimental manipulation of plant density and its effect on pollination and reproduction of two confamilial montane herbs
Effects of ant mounds on soil chemistry and vegetation patterns in a montane Colorado meadow
Patch dynamics of a foraging assemblage of bees
Trapline foraging by bumble bees: II. Definition and detection from sequence data
The use and abuse of pollinators by fungi
Sex allocation in hermaphroditic plants
Pollen discounting in Erythronium grandiflorum: mass-action estimates from pollen transfer dynamics
Hawkmoths and the geographic patterns of floral variation in Aquilegia caerulea
Nectar standing crops in Delphinium nelsonii flowers: spatial autocorrelation among plants?
Zen Ecology and the origin of scientific ideas
Differentiating the effects of origin and frequency in reciprocal transplant experiments used to test negative frequency-dependent selection hypotheses
Floral formula inconstancy within and among plants and populations of Ipomopsis aggregata (Polemoniaceae)
Calculating nectar production rates: residual nectar and optimal foraging
Competition for pollination and the evolution of flowering time
Tactics for male reproductive success in plants: contrasting insights of sex allocation theory and pollen presentation theory
Competition among pollinators: quantification of available resources
Effects of pre-dispersal selection on offspring growth and survival in <i>Erythronium grandiflorum</i>
Spatial and temporal patterns of floral inconstancy in plants and populations of Ipomopsis aggregata (Polemoniaceae)
Middle Tertiary Volcanic Field in the Southern Rocky Mountains
Variation in pollen size, fertilization ability and postfertilization siring ability in Erythronium grandiflorum
Why hummingbirds hover and honeyeaters perch
Patterns in plant parthenogenesis
An Irvingtonian species of Brachylagus (Mammalia: Lagomorpha) from Porcupine Cave, Park County, Colorado
Resource value affects territorial defense by Broad-tailed and Rufous hummingbirds
Size and abundance: breeding population density of the Calliope Hummingbird
Dataset (18) →
Data from: Genetic and spatial variation in vegetative and floral traits across a hybrid zone
Premise: Genetic variation influences potential for evolution to rescue populations from impacts of environmental change. Most studies of genetic vari...
Data from: Is plant fitness proportional to seed set? An experiment and a spatial model
Individual differences in fecundity often serve as proxies for differences in overall fitness, especially when it is difficult to track the fate of an...
Data from: Comparative impacts of long-term trends in snowmelt and species interactions on plant population dynamics
Climate change can impact plant fitness and population persistence directly through changing abiotic conditions and indirectly through its effects on ...
Data for: Predicting the contribution of single trait evolution to rescuing a plant population from demographic impacts of climate change
Evolutionary adaptation can allow a population to persist in the face of a new environmental challenge. With many populations now threatened by enviro...
Data from: Selection of floral traits by pollinators and seed predators during sequential life history stages
Organismal traits often influence fitness via interactions with multiple species. That selection is not necessarily predictable from pairwise interact...
Data from: Quantifying direct vs. indirect effects of nectar robbers on male and female components of plant fitness
1. Plants interact simultaneously with both mutualists and antagonists. While webs of plant-animal interactions in natural systems can be highly compl...
Data for: Pollinator and habitat-mediated selection as potential contributors to ecological speciation in two closely related species
In ecological speciation, incipient species diverge due to natural selection that is ecologically based. In flowering plants, different pollinators co...
Data from: Facilitated exploitation of pollination mutualisms: fitness consequences for plants
Mutualisms are only rarely one-to-one interactions: each species generally interacts with multiple mutualists. Exploitation is ubiquitous in mutualism...
Data from: Atypical flowers can be as profitable as typical hummingbird flowers
In western North America, hummingbirds can be observed systematically visiting flowers that lack the typical reddish color, tubular morphology, and di...
Data from: Context-dependent reproductive isolation mediated by floral scent and color
Reproductive isolation due to pollinator behavior is considered a key mode of speciation in flowering plants. Although floral scent is thought to medi...
Show 8 more datasets
Data from: Unraveling the ecological and evolutionary impacts of a plant invader on the pollination of a native plant
Interactions between a native plant species and its pollinators, herbivores, or microbiome can be affected by the presence of non-native plant speci...
Shifts in water availability mediate plant-pollinator interactions
Altered precipitation patterns associated with anthropogenic climate change are expected to have many effects on plants and insect pollinators, but it...
Why are some plant—nectar robber interactions commensalisms?
Many plants that bear hidden or recessed floral nectar experience nectar robbing, the removal of nectar by a floral visitor through holes pierced in t...
Heiling.et.al.Oikos.2018.data
An Excel workbook of data for Heiling et al 2018. First sheet is a metadata file, all other sheets are arrange chronologically. Sheet names describe t...
Integral projection models from reciprocal transplant experiments
Data from: "Climate change disrupts local adaptation and favors upslope migration" by Anderson and Wadgymar at Ecology Letters. This folder contains t...
Data and scripts for the manuscript "Herbivory and water availability interact to shape the adaptive landscape in the perennial forb, <i>Boechera stricta</i>".
Data and scripts for the manuscript "Herbivory and water availability interact to shape the adaptive landscape in the perennial forb, <i>Boechera stri...
Provenance trial experiments
Data from: "Climate change disrupts local adaptation and favors upslope migration" by Anderson and Wadgymar at Ecology Letters. This folder contains t...
Life histories of the perennial geophyte Erythronium grandiflorum (Liliaceae) in Colorado subalpine transplant garden from annual measurements, 1991 onward
In an outdoor garden at Irwin, Colorado, we established glacier lily plants in open-bottomed PVC pots that protected them from gopher attack. The init...