Protocols

Pooled whole genome sequencing approach using DNA from multiple individuals per population to identify SNPs associated with environmental variables and population differentiation patterns.

Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis of full genome sequences using MUSCLE alignment and Tamura-Nei evolutionary model to determine relationships between outbreak isolates and assess overwintering...

Computational pipeline using VirSorter2 and CheckV for viral sequence identification, followed by clustering into viral operational taxonomic units and taxonomic/host prediction.

Integration process combining datasets from natural history collections, community science observations, and literature to compile bee interaction data.

Model selection analyses to evaluate possible transmission pathways including indirect vector transmission and direct predation transmission.

Trapping animals to record age, sex, locality, reproductive status, location changes, fate, and genetic information. Data collected across 37 years at 12 sites.

Microscopic analysis of MASP binding to fungal pathogens using fluorescence techniques.

Measurement of neutrophilic phagocytosis of fungal conidia using recombinant components.